Using Information Technology Chapter 11 Information Systems Information Systems Information Management & Systems Development 11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information 11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems Information Systems 11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design 2 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information The flow of information within an organization Horizontally - reflects functional areas Information Systems Vertically - reflects management levels 3 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Departments Research and development (R&D) Production (operations) Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel) Information Systems Marketing and sales Information systems (IS) 4 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Management Levels Top (or senior) managers - concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions Lower (supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures Information Systems Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization 5 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Types of Information Unstructured information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization Semi-structured information - some structured information and some unstructured information Information Systems Structured information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organization’s internal activities 6 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems For lower managers TPSs For middle managers MISs and DSSs For all levels, including nonmanagement – OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work systems Information Systems For top managers - ESSs An organization chart and management levels and responsibilities 7 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS - a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business For lower managers Produces detail reports One TPS for each department Forms the basis for MIS and DSS Information Systems Features include - 8 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Management Information System (MIS) MIS - a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output For middle managers Draws from all departments Produces several kinds of reports Information Systems Features include - 9 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Decision Support System (DSS) Features include For middle managers Produces analytic models Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance Information Systems DSS - a computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future 10 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Executive Support System (ESS) Information Systems ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making Components of an ESS Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Office Automation System (OAS) Information Systems OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity Office automation systems Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Expert System (ES) and Cooperative systems Cooperative systems – organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people Information Systems ES – is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert 13 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal Users Management Technical staff Information Systems Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one - 14 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Information Systems The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design SDLC 15 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The First Phase - Conduct a Preliminary Investigation 1. 2. 3. 4. Conduct the preliminary analysis Propose alternative solutions Describe the cost & benefits Submit a preliminary plan Information Systems Objectives - 16 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Second Phase - Do an Analysis of the System Objectives 1. 2. Information Systems 3. Gather data Analyze the data Write a report Data flow diagram 17 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Third Phase - Design the System Objectives - 2. 3. Do a preliminary design Do a detail design Write a report Information Systems 1. 18 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fourth Phase - Develop the system Objectives - 2. 3. Develop or acquire the software Acquire hardware Test the system Information Systems 1. 19 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Fifth Phase - Implement the System Objectives - 2. Convert to the new system Train the users Information Systems 1. 20 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Sixth Phase - Maintain the System To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions Information Systems Objective - 21 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Supervisory manager Information Systems What type of manager makes operational decisions-predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures? 22 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Information Systems What is the term for a recorded event having to do with routine business activities? Transaction 23 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Information Systems What is a mathematical representation of a real system called? Model 24 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Top or executive managers Information Systems What level of management is an ESS made especially for? 25 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check OAS (Office Automation Systems) Information Systems What is the term for the combination of various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office environment? 26 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Systems Development Life Cycle Information Systems What does SDLC stand for? 27 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Preliminary investigation 1. Systems analysis 2. Systems design 3. Systems development 4. Systems implementation 5. Systems maintenance Information Systems What are the six phases of the SDLC in order? 28 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check The fourth phase - Develop the system Information Systems Which phase of the SDLC includes testing the system? 29 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Information Systems What is the term for the process of using workstations, CASE tools, and other software applications to build working models of system components, so that they can be quickly tested and evaluated? Prototyping 30 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Organization chart Information Systems What is a schematic drawing showing the hierarchy of formal relationships among an organization’s employees? 31 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check The fifth phase - Implement the system Information Systems Which phase of the SDLC involves converting to the new system? 32 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Parallel implementation Information Systems Which method of conversion involves keeping the old and new systems operating side by side until the new system has shown it is reliable? 33 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Make-or-buy decision Information Systems What is the term for the decision whether you have to create a program--have it custom-written--or buy it, meaning simply purchase an existing software package? 34 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Information Systems Which type of testing looks at the performance of individual parts, using test data? Unit testing 35 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check The fifth phase - Implement the system Information Systems Which phase of the SDLC includes user training? 36 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Direct implementation Information Systems Which method of conversion has the users simply stop using the old system and start using the new one? 37 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Top managers Information Systems Which type of manager is concerned with long-range, or strategic, planning and decisions? 38 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Semi-structured information Information Systems What type of information includes some structured information and some unstructured information? 39 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check TPS (Transaction processing system) Information Systems Which type of computer-based information system is intended primarily for lower managers? 40 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check DSS (Decision support system) Information Systems Which type of computer-based information system uses models? 41 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.