Wireless for Miniaturized
Consumer Electronics
Introduction: Understanding the
Different Flavors of IEEE 802.11
14-Jan-2013
Fanny Mlinarsky
1
Outline
•
•
•
•
A brief history of 802.11
802.11 alphabet soup
Chipsets and reference designs
Emerging 802.11 technology
2
Brief History of Wireless
5G
Key wireless
LTE-A technologies
802.11n/ac
Wireless capacity / throughput
4G
IEEE 802
3G
2G
802.16e
802.11a/b/g
LTE
WCDMA/HSxPA
GPRS
Analog
CDMA
GSM IS-54
First cell
phones
1970
IS-136
TACS
AMPS
NMT
1980
1990
2000
G = generation
3
2010
2015
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Voltage
Multiple orthogonal carriers
Frequency
•
OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel
– Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling and cyclic prefix
(aka guard interval)
•
OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including
– 802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad
– 802.16d,e; 802.22
– DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB
•
LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM
4
DVB = digital video broadcasting
DVB-T = DVB terrestrial
DVB-H = DVB handheld
DAB = digital audio broadcasting
LTE = long term evolution
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
History of IEEE 802.11
1989: FCC authorizes ISM bands (900 MHz, 2.4
GHz, 5 GHz)
• 1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11
• 1994: 2.4 GHz products ship
• 1997: 802.11 standard approved
• 1998: FCC authorizes UNII Band, (5 GHz)
• 1999: 802.11a, b ratified
• 2003: 802.11g ratified
• 2006: 802.11n draft 2 certification by the Wi-Fi
Alliance begins
• 2009: 802.11n certification
 2013: 802.11ac (up to 6.9 Gbps) and 802.11ad (up
to 6.8 Gbps)
•
5
ISM = Industrial, Scientific and Medical
UNII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
Key Unlicensed Bands
5.9 DSRC (connected vehicle)
4.9 GHz public safety
700 MHz White Spaces
MHz
3.1 GHz
DSRC = direct short range communications
6
10.6 GHz
FCC spectrum allocation chart
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.PDF
802.11 Channels in the 5GHz Band
5735
MHz
5835
MHz
149
153
157
161
165
5710
MHz
100
104
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
140
IEEE channel #
20 MHz
5330 5490
MHz MHz
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
5170
MHz
40 MHz
80 MHz
160 MHz
5170
MHz
5330
FCC 5490
just allowed channel 144, creating 5710
MHz 20,
MHz
additional
40 and 80 MHz channels in the MHz
US
40 MHz
80 MHz
160 MHz
7
100
104
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
140
IEEE channel #
20 MHz
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
US
Europe,
Japan,
Global
IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n Data Rates
20 MHz Channel
1 stream
2 streams
3 streams
40 MHz Channel
4 streams
1 stream
2 streams
3 streams
4 streams
Data Rate, in Mbps
802.11b
2.4 GHz
1, 2, 5.5,
11
802.11a
5 GHz
6, 9, 12,
18, 24, 36,
48, 54
802.11g
2.4 GHz
1, 2, 6, 9,
12, 18, 24,
36, 48, 54
802.11n
2.4 and
5 GHz
6.5, 13,
19.5, 26,
39, 52,
58.5, 65
13, 26, 39,
52, 78,
104, 117,
130
19.5, 39,
58.5, 78,
117, 156,
175.5, 195
26, 52, 78,
104, 156,
208, 234,
260
13.5, 27,
40.5, 54,
81, 108,
121.5, 135
27, 54, 81,
108, 162,
216, 243,
270
40.5, 81,
121.5, 162,
243, 324,
364.5, 405
54, 108,
162, 216,
324, 432,
486, 540
802.11n, SGI
enabled
2.4 and
5 GHz
7.2, 14.4,
21.7, 28.9,
43.3, 57.8,
65, 72.2
14.4, 28.9,
43.3, 57.8,
86.7,
115.6, 130,
144.4
21.7, 43.3,
65, 86.7,
130, 173.3,
195, 216.7
28.9, 57.8,
86.7,
115.6,
173.3,
231.1, 260,
288.9
15, 30, 45,
60, 90,
120, 135,
150
30, 60, 90,
120, 180,
240, 270,
300
45, 90,
135, 180,
270, 360,
405, 450
60, 120,
180, 240,
360, 480,
540, 600
SGI = short guard interval
8
IEEE 802.11 Very High Throughput
•
•
•
The goal of the 802.11 VHT effort is
to achieve 1 Gbps throughput at
nomadic (walking speeds) to support
HD video transmission and high
speed data applications and to satisfy
the IMT-Advanced requirements
TGac and TGad
TGac
Under 6 GHz (2.4 and 5 GHz bands)
Up to 6.9 Gbps
Higher order MIMO (> 4x4)
8 spatial streams
Multi-user (MU) MIMO
•
TGad
60 GHz band
Up to 6.8 Gbps
Capitalize on work already done by
802.15.3c in the 60 GHz band
Beamforming
VHT = very high throughput
9
TGac – Next Generation Wi-Fi
• Up to 6.9 Gbps of PHY data
rate (draft 0.1)
• Higher order MIMO (> 4x4)
• 8 spatial streams
• Multi-user (MU) MIMO
– Up to 4 users; up to 4
streams per user
• Higher bandwidth channels
(20, 40, 80, 80+80 and 160
MHz)
10
MU-MIMO
Multiple beamformed
streams in the same channel
802.11ad 60 GHz Channels
Channel
Channel 2
must be
supported
f
c
(GHz)
Country
1
58.32
US
2
60.48
US, Japan, EU, Australia
3
62.64
US, Japan, EU
4
64.80
Japan, EU
IEEE 802.11ad is the key
standard; other
specifications are: 802.15.3c,
EIRP: (40 dBm avg, 43 dBm peak
in the US; 57 dBm in Europe,
Japan and Australia
ECMA-387, WirelessHD
Channel spacing = 2160MHz
11
Beamforming and Beam Steering
• Beamforming is a feature of
802.11ac and central to 802.11ad
• Optimizes the range by focusing
the energy between transmitting
and receiving nodes
12
Sub 1 GHz Wi-Fi for Smart Grid
Source: www.youknowfunny.com/2010/11/wireless-technology.html
13
IEEE 802.24 Smart Grid ECSG
• Serves as a single point of contact for
questions regarding the use of 802
standards in Smart Grid applications
• Covers wired and wireless 802
protocols
• Acts as a liaison with regulatory
agencies, industry organizations,
other SDOs, government agencies,
IEEE societies
• Acts as a resource for understanding
802 standards for certification efforts
by industry bodies.
ECSG = executive committee study group
SDO = standards defining organization
14
•
http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/
•
http://summit.utc.org/
•
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twikisggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP02Wireless?sor
tcol=1;table=9;up=0
•
http://osgug.ucaiug.org/default.aspx
•
http://www.ieee-pes.org/
PES = power energy society
OpenSG = open smart grid
UTC = utilities telecom council
IEC = international electrotechnical commission
Smart Metering at 915 MHz?
• Lower frequency =
longer operating range
• Internationally available
bands in the vicinity of
915 MHz supported by
common radio chipsets
• Two emerging IEEE 802
wireless standards target
this band for smart
metering and industrial
controls applications
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Region
Unlicensed Band
(MHz)
Europe
963-868.6
Japan
915.9-928.1
China
755-787
Korea
917-923.5
Singapore
920-925
US
902-928
802.11ah
802.15.4g
802.11ah Sub 1 GHz License-exempt
•
•
•
•
•
More than 100 kbps with coverage of
up to 1 km; 600 kHz to 20 MHz
channel bandwidth
Smart grid – extremely large number
of stations (6000 stations per AP)
Environmental and agricultural
monitoring – moderately large
number of stations (200 per AP)
Healthcare and building automation –
dozens of stations
Outdoor application for extended
range Wi-Fi – common ground with
802.11af White Spaces amendment
AP = access point
16
802.11af – Database
•
•
•
Fixed TVBDs require
geolocation capability and
Internet access to a
database of protected radio
services.
An 802.11af AP can use the
2.4 GHz band to get to the
database and find out the
available TVB channels and
then switch operation to
TVB
IETF PAWS group is
developing the database
standard
GPS Satellite
Administrator 1
Administrator 2
DB 1
IETF PAWS
DB 2
Geolocation
Available
channels
Administrator 3
TVB = TV band
TVBD = TV band devices
DB = database
IETF = internet engineering task force
PAWS = protocol to access white space
17
DB 3
Mode II Device
Fixed
Mode I Device
Commonality 802.11ac/af/ah
Feb-2014
UHF (TV band)
802.11ac
Very High Throughput (5 GHz)
802.11af
802.11ah
Jun-2014
Jan-2016
Sub-1GHz (smart grid)
• 802.11af/ah derive their specifications from 802.11ac
• Operation of 11af and 11ah is under 1 GHz
• Support for longer delay spread outdoor deployments
18
Intelligent Transportation Systems
•
Crash avoidance
–
–
–
–
–
•
802.11p – 5.9 GHz
Emergency electronic brake light
Forward collision warning
Blind spot warning / lane change warning
Do not pass warning
Left turn assist
Good introduction here
Safety assist
– Remote diagnosis (EV battery monitoring)
– Stopped vehicle or pedestrian warning
– Road condition warning
•
Convenience
–
–
–
–
Toll collection
Charging station guidance / info for EV
Mobile commerce / mobile advertisement
Web browsing, File (video, audio) downloading
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Do not pass
802.11p DSRC
• 802.11p is the PHY for ITS
• DSRC is the method for
vehicle to vehicle and vehicle
to road-side unit
communications to support…
– Public safety, collision avoidance,
traffic awareness and
management, traveler
information, toll booth payments
• Under regulation of DoT
DSRC = dedicated short range communications
DoT = department of transportation
ITS = intelligent transportation systems
IEEE 802.11 Active Task Groups
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TGm – Maintenance
TGac – VHT below 6 GHz (very high throughput < 6 GHz)
TGad – VHT at 60 GHz
TGaf – TV Band operation
TGah – Operation in 900 MHz band
TGai – Fast initial link setup
TGaj – China Mili-Meter Wave
TGak – General Link
TGaq – Pre-Association Discovery
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11
ARC SC – Architecture
TG = task group
REG SC – Regulatory
SG = study group
SC = standing committee
WNG SC – Wireless Next Generation
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802.11 Past Task Groups













TGma – Maintenance
TGa – 5 GHz OFDM PHY
TGb – 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps; DSSS PHY
TGc – Bridging (part of 802.1)
TGd – Additional regulatory domains
TGe – Quality of Service
TGf – Inter-AP protocol
TGg – 2.4 GHz OFDM PHY
TGh – Radar avoidance (DFS, TPC)
TGi – Security
TGk – Radio Resource Measurements
TGn – High Throughput; MIMO
TGp – Vehicular ITS networks
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









TGr – Fast Roaming
TGs – Mesh networking
TGT – IEEE 802 Performance
TGu – InterWorking with External
Networks
TGv – Wireless network management
TGw – Protected Management Frames
TGy – 3650-3700 MHz Operation in US
TGz – Direct Link Setup
TGaa – Robust streaming of AV Transport
Streams
TGae – Prioritization of management
frames
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
DSSS = direct sequence spread spectrum
ITS = intelligent transportation systems
MIMO = multiple input multiple output
DFS = dynamic frequency selection
TPC = transmit power control
IEEE 802.11 Timeline
TGk
TGma
TGn
TGa
TGb
Part of
802.1
TGmb
TGp
TGb-cor1
TGc
TGr
TGs
TGT
TGu
TGd
TGe
withdrawn
TGF
TGg
TGh
TGi
TGv
TGw
TGy
TGj
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
802.11-1999
IEEE Standard
802.11-1997
IEEE Standard
2002
2003
April 1999
July 1997
23
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
802.11-2007
IEEE Standard
2009
2010
June 2007
IEEE 802.11 Timeline (continued)
802.11-2012
TGmb
TGp
TGs
Tgu
TGv
TGz
Mar 29, 2012
802.11-2007
802.11k-2008
802.11r-2008
802.11y-2008
802.11w-2009
802.11n-2009
802.11p-2010
802.11z-2010
802.11v-2011
802.11u-2011
TGm
TGaa
TGac
TGad
TGae
TGaf
TGah
TGai
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
24
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
802.11 Emerging Specifications
Amendment
Overview
11ac
High Throughput
w/ wider channels
11ad
High Throughput
in 60 GHz band
Specification
Transmission Communication
range
rate
Expected completion
User
velocity
Up to
6.9 Gbps
Dec/13
Up to
6.8 Gbps
10 m at
1 Gbps
11af
Wi-Fi
on TV White Space
802.11n/ac
rates scaled
to channel
Up to
5 km
Jun/14
11ah
Sub 1 GHz
> 100 kbps
1 km
Jan/16
11ai
Wi-Fi for mobile
Fast initialization
(target 100 ms)
11aq
Pre-association
Discovery
Select AP that provides
needed services
Oct/12 Done
Target:
+ 200 km/h
Mar/14
?
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
25
802.11a and 802.11n channels
in the 5 GHz band
chan #
center (MHz)
36
5180
40
5200
44
5220
48
5240
52
5260
56
5280
60
5300
64
5320
100
5500
104
5520
108
5540
112
5560
116
5580
120
5600
124
5620
128
5640
132
5660
136
5680
140
5700
149
5745
153
5765
157
5785
161
5805
26
Future Additional Allocation of
5 GHz Spectrum
New FCC initiative
• Sec. 6406. UNLICENSED USE IN THE 5 GHZ
BAND
– Allows unlicensed U–NII devices to
operate in the 5350–5470 MHz band
– Adds 120 MHz for use by 802.11a/n/ac
devices operating in the 5 GHz band
– Later to allow operation in the 5850–5925
MHz band, an additional 75 MHz
Summary of 802.11
• High level of investment and focus
• Most advanced technology
– First with OFDM and MIMO
– Widest channels (80 and 160 MHz wide)
• Technology is spreading beyond LAN into MAN (802.11ah/af),
NAN (smart grid),WAN (carrier networks) and PAN
• Greatest economies of scale bringing low cost of devices
LAN = local area networking
MAN = metropolitan area networking
PAN = personal area networking
NAN = neighborhood area networks
27
Next Session
• Part II: MIMO or SISO? Wireless Design
Considerations and Trade-offs
• Tuesday, January 15th 2013
• 12 pm EST
Visit octoScope publications for more material
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