Introduction
 The planning aspects of transport engineering
relate to urban planning, and involve technical
forecasting decisions and political factors.
 Human factors are an aspect of transport
engineering, particularly concerning drivervehicle interface and user interface of road signs,
signals, and markings.
Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually
involves an urban transportation planning
model, requiring the estimation of trip
generation (how many trips for what purpose),
trip distribution (destination choice, where is
the traveler going), mode choice (what mode is
being taken), and route assignment (which
streets or routes are being used).
More sophisticated forecasting can include other
aspects of traveler decisions, including auto
ownership, trip chaining (the decision to link
individual trips together in a tour) and the choice
of residential or business location (known as
land use forecasting).
Transportation engineering, as practiced by civil
engineers, primarily involves planning, design,
construction, maintenance, and operation of
transportation facilities.
Operations and management involve traffic
engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on
the road or track. Older techniques include signs,
signals, markings, and tolling. Newer
technologies involve intelligent transportation
systems (ITS), including advanced traveler
information systems (such as variable message
signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as
ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure
integration.
ITS (Intelligent transportation system)
• ITS refers to efforts to add information and
communications technology to transport
infrastructure and vehicles in an effort to
manage factors that typically are at odds (不一致)
with each other, such as vehicles, loads, and
routes to improve safety and reduce vehicle
wear, transportation times, and fuel
consumption.
• ITS comes from the problems caused by traffic
congestion(擁塞) and a synergy(協同增效作用)
of new information technology for simulation,
real-time control, and communications networks.
What is ITS?
 智慧型運輸系統
(ITS, Intelligent Transportation System)乃是應
用先進的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術，
以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時
(real-time)資訊以增進運輸系統的安全、效率
及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環境的衝擊。
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ITS概念模式
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 Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation
infrastructure and increases travel time, air
pollution, and fuel consumption.
 "Road operators, infrastructure, vehicles, their
drivers and other road users will cooperate to
deliver the most efficient, safe, secure and
comfortable journey. The vehicle-vehicle and
vehicle-infrastructure co-operative systems
will contribute to these objectives beyond the
improvements achievable with stand-alone
systems."
為什麼要發展ITS
 交通擁擠
運輸需求大幅增加，道路建設緩不濟急，交通擁擠造成運輸機
動性與經濟生產力的降低。
 交通事故
車禍死傷嚴重，造成龐大的社會成本與負擔。
 能源消耗
公路運輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。
 空氣汙染
大量的汽、機車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環境的永續發展。
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ITS目標
 增進交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)
 降低環境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源
使用效率)
 改善運輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運輸機動性)
 提昇經濟生產力(促進相關產業發展，增加就業
機會)
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Factors for both motorization and urbanization :
industrial economy replaced the agricultural
economy. Population to move from rural locations
into urban centers.
motorization was causing cities to expand.
Suburbs (近郊住宅區) provided a reasonable
compromise between population density and
access to employment, goods, and services.
suburban infrastructure could be built quickly,
supporting a rapid transition from a rural
/agricultural economy to an industrial/urban
economy.
Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass
evacuation of people in urban centers after large
casualty events such as a result of a natural
disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and
planning involved with ITS parallels the need for
homeland security systems.
In the developing world, the migration of people
from rural to urbanized habitats has progressed
differently and supported by a multimodal system
of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles,
buses, and trains.
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ITS的技術骨幹
 資訊收集：感測技術
 資訊處理：電腦技術
 資訊傳輸：通信技術
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九大服務領域
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執行架構
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The success of ITS is heavily dependent on the
availability of timely and accurate estimates
of traffic conditions. The needed system is to
utilize advanced traffic models to analyze data,
especially real-time traffic data, from different
sources to estimate and predict traffic
conditions so that proactive (前瞻性)
Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)
and Advanced Traveler Information Systems
(ATIS) strategies can be implemented to meet
various traffic control, management, and
operation objectives.
先進交通管理系統
(Advanced Traffic Management Systems, ATMS)
 ATMS為智慧型運輸系統(ITS)的核心與基礎。
 利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術，將交通監控
所得之交通狀況，經由通訊網路傳輸到控制
中心，制定及評估交通控制策略，執行整體
性的交通管理。
 相關資訊傳送給用路人與相關道路管理單位，
以達到運輸效率最大化及運輸安全之目的。
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Active traffic management (ATM), also known
as managed lanes or smart lanes, is a scheme
for improving traffic flow and reducing
congestion on motorways. It has been
implemented in several countries, including
Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. It makes use of automatic systems and
human intervention to manage traffic flow and
ensure the safety of road users.
交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關係
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ATMS之涵蓋範圍
交通資訊
需求管理
有效改善交通擁擠問題提
高交通服務水準
高速公路
匝道控制
幹道號誌
控制
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ATMS之相關技術
 電腦交通號誌
 地理資訊系統
 匝道儀控
 行進間測重
 事件自動偵測
 自動車輛分類
 動態交通預測
 電子式自動收費
 自動車輛定位
 自動車輛辨識
 可變訊息標誌
 最佳路線導引
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Intelligent transportation applications
 Electronic toll collection (ETC) makes it
possible for vehicles to drive through toll gates
at traffic speed, reducing congestion at toll
plazas and automating toll collection. Most ETC
systems were based on using radio devices in
vehicles that would use proprietary (專利的)
protocols to identify a vehicle as it passed under
a gantry over the roadway.
Many ETC systems use
transponders like this
one to electronically
debit the accounts of
registered cars
without their stopping
Norway now has 25 toll roads operating with electronic
fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is
called (see AutoPASS). In 1995, Portugal became the
first country to apply a single, universal system to all
tolls in the country,
電子式自動收費
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Automated vehicle identification
• Some early AVI (Automated vehicle
identification) systems used barcodes affixed to
each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll
booth. Optical systems proved to have poor
reading reliability, especially when faced with
inclement weather and dirty vehicles.
• Most current AVI systems rely on radiofrequency identification, where an antenna at
the toll gate communicates with a transponder
on the vehicle via Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC).
High occupancy toll lanes
 High occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) is a road
pricing scheme that gives motorists in singleoccupant vehicles access to high-occupancy
vehicle lanes (or "HOV lanes"). Typically, these
tolls increase as traffic density and congestion
within the tolled lanes increases, a policy known
as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing
scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within
the lanes.
Cordon zones with congestion
pricing
 The main objective of this charge is to reduce
traffic congestion within the cordon area. This
fee or toll is charged automatically using
electronic toll collection or automatic number
plate recognition, since stopping the users at
conventional toll booths would cause long
queues, long delays, and even gridlock (市區交
通大堵塞).
Cordon zones (管制
區) have been
implemented in
Singapore,
Stockholm, and
London, where a
congestion charge or
fee is collected from
vehicles entering a
Congestion pricing gantry at North congested city center.
Bridge Road, Singapore.
Variable speed limits
Variable speed limits which change with road
congestion and other factors. Typically such
speed limits only change to decline during
poor conditions, rather than being improved in
good ones.
Example variable
speed limit sign in
the United States.
Emergency vehicle notification systems
• The in-vehicle eCall is an emergency call
generated either manually by the vehicle
occupants or automatically via activation of invehicle sensors after an accident. When
activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will
establish an emergency call carrying both voice
and data directly to the nearest emergency
point. The minimum set of data contains
information about the incident, including time,
precise location, the direction the vehicle was
traveling, and vehicle identification.
Cooperative systems on the road
 Communication cooperation on the road
includes car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure, and
vice versa. Data available from vehicles is
acquired and transmitted to a server for central
fusion (結合) and processing. This data can be
used to detect events such as rain (wiper activity)
and congestion (frequent braking activities).
 The goal of cooperative systems is to use and
plan communication and sensor infrastructure in
order to increase road safety.
先進用路人資訊系統
(Advanced Traveler Information Systems, ATIS)
 ATIS係藉由先進資訊、通訊及其他相關
技術，提供旅行者必要之資訊。
 使其能於車內、家裡、辦公室、車站等地
點方便地取得所需之資訊，作為旅次產生、
運具與路線選擇之決策參考，以順利到達
目的地。
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ATIS之相關技術
 可變訊息標誌
 最佳路線導引
 公路路況廣播
 無線電通訊
 全球衛星定位系統
 電視路況報導、電傳視訊
 地理資訊系統
 旅行服務資訊
 車內顯示系統
 整體服務數位網路
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可變訊息標誌
(Changeable Message Signs, CMS)
 可變訊息標誌乃是一種可程式化的交通管
理設施，其透過文字或圖形符號來傳達各
項動態的控制或警告訊息給道路使用者，
藉以增進道路使用率，並減低意外事故。
 當其應用於高速公路時，主要在顯示前方
交通管制或警告、一般狀況以及宣導等訊
息。
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CMS常見顯示內容
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CMS常見顯示內容
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先進公共運輸系統
(Advanced Public Transportation Systems, APTS)
 先進大眾運輸系統(APTS)係將先進交通管理
系統(ATMS)、先進用路人資訊系統(ATIS)與
先進車輛控制及安全系統(AVCSS)之技術應
用於公共運輸，以改善公共運輸服務品質，
提高營運效率，增加公共運輸之吸引力。
 APTS服務項目:
•
•
•
•
路徑中大眾資訊
大眾運輸系統管理
個人大眾運輸
大眾運輸旅行安全
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APTS之相關技術包括
 自動車輛監視（Automatic Vehicle Monitoring,
AVM）
 自動車輛定位（AVL）
 雙向無線電通訊
 電子式自動付費（Electronic Fare Payment, EFP）
 最佳路線導引
 公車電腦排班
 公車電腦輔助調度
 車內顯示系統
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APTS系統架構圖
其他用路人
子系統
聯外子系統 (ISP)
公司、家戶
Desktop
聯外子系統
5.廣域
WAN
˙同質單位：北市交控中心
˙異質單位：公車、鐵路、捷運、飛航管理單位
2.廣域 WAN
中心子系統
TMIC 之公車營管中心
2.廣域
WAN
無線通訊業者
優先號誌
策略
資料交換
4.長距無線通訊
WAC
定位
4.長距無線通訊
WAC
資料融合
交通資料庫
定位資料
WEB 伺服
到站訊息
1.區域 LAN
WAP
PDA
交通資訊站
TCIS
3.短距無線通訊
DSRC
公車車載電腦
信號柱
3.短距無線通訊
DSRC
承載率
資訊查詢站
優先號誌
智慧型公車站牌
交通資訊
接收
車輛子系統 ( OBC)
行車記錄
路側子系統 ¡] RSU¡^
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APTS運作示意簡圖
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目前應用APTS通訊系統之規劃
公車站牌動態資訊顯示
車上資訊顯示
公車定位輔助
車隊運作與管理
大眾運輸旅行安全系統
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先進車輛控制及安全系統
(Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems, AVCSS)
 AVCSS係結合感測器、電腦、通訊、電機及
控制技術應用於車輛及道路設施上，協助
駕駛人駕駛，以提高行車安全，增加道路
容量，減少交通擁擠。
 本系統之主要特色係利用感測器協助人類
感官功能之不足，減少危險之發生；提高
自動控制之程度，從事更安全、準確、可
靠之控制，彌補駕駛人因判斷錯誤及技術
不佳所造成的疏失與危險。
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360度全方位防撞系統示意圖
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實例
１.道路發生塞車、事故等：
• Ａ發現前方塞車
• Ａ將資訊傳給後方來車
• Ｂ受到資訊後傳達給可能朝這
方向的ＣＤＥ
• ＣＤＥ收到此訊息，可以決定
是否改變路線
２.同一車道上的訊息傳輸：
• ＦＧ行進間影像相互交換
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實例
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夜間行人監視器系統(Night Pedestrian Monitor)
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路面監視器 (Road Surface Monitor)
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側後警示(Side-rear Warning)
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先進煞車輔助(Advanced Brake Assist)
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先進預視距離控制(Advanced Preview Distance
Control)
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商用車輛營運系統
（Commercial Vehicle Operation Services, CVOS)
 係利用ATMS、ATIS與AVCSS之技術於商
業營運車輛，以提昇運輸效率及安全，並
減少人力成本，提高生產力。
 所謂「商用車輛」不僅包括大型與重型車
輛（如卡車、貨車），也包括緊急救援用
車輛（如救護車、拖吊車），以及每日運
作的商用小型車（如計程車）等。
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CVOS 之相關技術包括
 自動車輛監視（AVM）
 行進間測重（WIM）
 自動車輛定位（AVL）
 電子式自動收費（ETC）
 行進間測重（WIM）
 自動車輛辨識（AVI）
 電子式自動收費
 最佳路線導引
（ETC）
 自動貨物辨識（ACI）
 雙向無線電通訊
等
 商車電腦輔助調度
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自動車輛定位（AVL）
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車輛監控
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最佳路線導引
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弱勢使用者保護服務
(Vulnerable Individual Protection Services, VIPS)
 VIPS係以交通弱勢使用者為主體，考量其安
全問題，對象包括行人、兒童、老年人、殘
障人士及自行車與機車騎士之需求。
 使用者服務項目包括：
 行人/自行車騎士安全：提供行人與自行車騎士安全
維護之服務。
 機車騎士安全：提供機車騎士安全維護之服務。
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有聲號誌設備
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參考資料
 中華智慧型運輸系統協會
 交通部運輸研究所
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