Presentation
of
Consensus Standards
By
Jim Kabbara, AVS – AIR120
MMPDS Chair
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
The first set of points is related to a first exposure to general engineering
standards.
1) What are engineering or consensus standards?
2) Who writes them and who establishes them?
3) Who uses them?
4) When should an engineer use them? What are the obligations to use them?
5) Can engineering standards change in time?
6) Why do we have US and international standards? Which are relevant in any
given circumstance?
7) Why do we have to pay for them?
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
2
The next set of issues is related to using standards.
1) How does an engineer find the standards relevant to the specific problems
he or she is addressing?
2) What is involved in using a standard?
3) How much flexibility do engineering standard leave to the practitioner?
4) What are the legal issues related to using or not using engineering
standards?
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
3
Agenda
 History of standards
 Type of Standards
 Examples of Voluntary Consensus Standard
 Legal Enforcement
 Questions
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
4
From our beginning as civilized people, we have
struggled to harness nature and measure what we
have. We’ve developed standards to ensure that
whatever we are making; be it a spear, a pyramid,
a machine tool, airplane, or spaceship is made to
the right dimensions/standard and works as it
should.
One of the reasons for the
French Revolution was the
abuse of weight and
measurement. In 1790,
The new French
government established the
meter as one ten million of
the distance from the North
Pole to the Equator ( of
course, through Paris!)
King Henry I of England
standardized measurement in 1120
decreed the “ell” to be the length
from the point of his nose to the end
of his thumb leading to the iron ulna
as England's standard yard.
 About 3000 years ago, the
Greeks learned about
measurement from the
Egyptians.
 The Small Egyptians cubit
became the Greek foot
with 16 divisions
 The Roman foot followed and
was slightly shorter than the
Greek foot.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
6
+
(1870 –
One person making a tool/product from start to finish,
where there was little need for a universal standard, to
(1994 – ?)
The first industrial revolution (1760 -1830 ) brought by
the steam engine coupled with the adaptation of
interchangeable parts and the second industrial
revolution fuelled by locomotive transportation and
technological and scientific advance in steel, chemicals,
and petroleum along with the invention electricity and
telegram caused a paradigm shift from
1914)
(1760 -1830 )
Groups of people/Nations collaborating to make more
complex tools/machines/devices where they needed a
universal process/way as a means to communicate
with one another.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
7
What is the distinction between a standard and standardization.
Standardization
Development process by which technical specifications are created that form
sufficient common design elements to enable compatible or compliant products or
processes. It encompasses a broad range of considerations – from the actual
development of a standard to its promulgation, acceptance, implementation and
demonstration of compliance.
Lack of national standardization
 The catastrophic 1904 fire that destroyed
downtown Baltimore—in part because fire
departments from neighboring cities (such as
Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. as well as
units from New York City, Virginia, Wilmington,
and Atlantic City) were forced to stand by helplessly when their hoses couplings
did not fit the Baltimore water hydrants —demonstrated the consequences of
the persistent lack of interoperability among threaded devices. A uniform
Building was developed and adopted by states and municipalities
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
8
Steam powered the technology of the late 19th century. Boilers and
pressure vessels were an innovation that advanced long-range
transportation and heavy lifting in ways that had never been
possible before. Despite their power, They were temperamental,
requiring constant attention and maintenance.
Although there were numerous boiler explosions throughout the
19th century, there were no legal codes for boilers in any state in
the Union. Undoubtedly one of the most important incidents that
proved the need for developing boiler laws was the Grover Shoe
Factory Disaster in Brockton, Massachusetts on March 10, 1905.
An older boiler, used as a backup during maintenance on the
newer model, exploded, rocketing through three floors and the
building’s roof. Broken beams and heavy machinery trapped
many workers who survived the initial explosion and collapse.
Burning coals thrown from the boiler landed throughout the
crumbling superstructure, starting fires that were fed by broken
gas lines. The explosion resulted in 58 deaths and 117 injuries
American Society of mechanical Engineer (ASME), founded in 1880, Having established the Boiler Testing Code in 1884,
ASME formed a Boiler Code Committee in 1911 that led to the Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) being published in
1915. The BPVC was later incorporated into laws in most US states and territories and Canadian provinces.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
9
American Petroleum Institute (established on March 20, 1919)
The National Petroleum War Service Committee,
which oversaw this effort, was initially formed under
the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and subsequently as
a quasi-governmental body
During World War I, drilling delays resulted from shortages
of equipment at the drill site, and the industry attempted to
overcome that problem by pooling equipment. The program
reportedly failed because there was no uniformity of pipe
sizes, threads and coupling. API took Developed industrywide standards and the first standards were published in
1924.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
10
What is a standard?
A standard consists of specific low level mandatory controls to ensure and
control consistency. It typically refers to a product—a specification for the
composition, interfaces, or characteristics of a given material, such as the
quality of a steel rail, the size and angle of a screw thread, or a common
measure of electrical resistance.
Definition od Standard
The National Standards Policy Advisory Committee defined standard as:
"A prescribed set of rules, conditions, or requirements concerning
definitions of terms; classification of components; specification of
materials, performance, or operations; delineation of procedures; or
measurement of quantity and quality in describing materials, products,
systems, services, or practices."
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
11
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
12
Type of Standards
Very Dynamic
Standard
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
13
Type of Standards (Cont’d)
 De Facto Standards
 De facto standards are developed outside the traditional framework and appeal to
a more narrow market than standards written by voluntary standards-focused
organizations. They do not feature the broad and open participation. They are set
informally through emergence of successful design under competition.
 Many successful proprietary technologies achieve market success as de facto
standards. This generally includes proprietary standards that become ubiquitous
through successful product sales that achieve critical mass.
Examples:
 Alcoa in early 1900 monopolizing the production of Aluminum
 AT&T dominating the Telephone Industry
 Windows Microsoft dominating the computer operating system
 Apple and its fight with Android system to dominate the cellular.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
14
Type of Standards (cont’d)
 De Jure Standard
Set formally by government or other authorized organization. They are
mandated by regulators at the local, state, federal, or international level.
Governments commonly test conformance with mandated standards, and
can legally (and at times severely) punish non-compliance.
Examples:
 CFR 14, Part 21, 23, 25
 European GSM transmission standards for cellular telephones
 American Federal Communications Commission Part 68 rules that
govern the telephone terminal equipment
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
15
§ 25.613 Material strength properties and material design values.
(a) Material strength properties must be based on enough tests of material meeting approved
specifications to establish design values on a statistical basis.
(b) Material design values must be chosen to minimize the probability of structural failures due
to material variability. Except as provided in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section, compliance
must be shown by selecting material design values which assure material strength with the
following probability:
(1) Where applied loads are eventually distributed through a single member within an
assembly, the failure of which would result in loss of structural integrity of the component, 99
percent probability with 95 percent confidence.
(2) For redundant structure, in which the failure of individual elements would result in applied
loads being safely distributed to other load carrying members, 90 percent probability with 95
percent confidence.
(c) The effects of environmental conditions, such as temperature and moisture, on material
design values used in an essential component or structure must be considered where these
effects are significant within the airplane operating envelope.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) Greater material design values may be used if a “premium selection” of the material is made
in which a specimen of each individual item is tested before use to determine that the actual
strength properties of that particular item will equal or exceed those used in design.
(f) Other material design values may be used if approved by the Administrator
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
16
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
17
ANC-5
ANC-5 (Army-Navy-Commerce) published
first materials handbook in 1937 as it was
recognized that common material
properties and joint allowables benefitted
the War Industry .
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
18
Type of Standards (Cont’d)
 ConsortiaStandards
 Consortia, usually a group of companies that agree to work together to solve a
specific market need, also develop standards. Often seen in areas of rapidly
developing technologies, consortia standards offer many solutions and may be
developed under an accelerated timeframe, but participation in the development
process may be limited to members of the consortia and tied to a substantial
financial contribution.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
19
Type of Standards (cont’d)
 Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS)
 Consensus standardization is a process in which technical experts
from public, private, and non-profit sectors negotiate the direction and
shape of technological.
 VCS document arises from an open process that depends upon data
gathering, a vigorous discussion of all viewpoints, and agreement
among a diverse range of stakeholders. Thousands of individual
experts representing the viewpoints of industry, consumer and labor
organizations, and government agencies come together to contribute
their knowledge, talents, and efforts to standard-setting activities.
.
 Voluntary refers only to the manner in which the document was
developed; it does not necessarily refer to whether compliance to the
standard is optional or whether a government entity or market sector
has endorsed the document for mandatory use.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
20
Type of Standards (cont’d)
 Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS) (Cont’d)
 VCS is a decentralized system that is naturally partitioned into industrial
sectors and supported by independent, private sector standards
developing organizations (SDOs) and conformity assessment bodies.
 American National Institute (ANSI), in close collaboration with
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is tasked
with accreditation of SDOs.
 VCS is created in response to specific concerns and needs expressed
by industry, government, and consumers. And it is a voluntary system in
which both standards development and compliance are driven by
stakeholder needs.
.
 These documents arise from an open process that depends upon data
gathering, a vigorous discussion of all viewpoints, and agreement
among a diverse range of stakeholders. Thousands of individual experts
representing the viewpoints of industry, consumer and labor
organizations, and government agencies come together to contribute
their knowledge, talents, and efforts to standard-setting activities..
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
21
Type of Standards (cont’d)
 Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS) (Cont’d).
 VCS, in some cases, fosters innovation by establishing a baseline for
design and performance that will satisfy user requirements.
 VCS should provide enough flexibility that suppliers or manufacturers
can vary features, function or price to establish their own niche in the
marketplace. These variances can help to elevate user expectations of
a product or service, thus raising the bar for future editions of the
applicable standard.
 VCS, when innovation comes first, may establish set of performance or
design criteria that are agreed upon and serve as the baseline for
ongoing improvements. The VCS becomes the physical documentation
of an agreed-upon solution that has already been time-tested and
proven.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
22
Type of Standards (cont’d)
 Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS) (Cont’d).
 The costs of developing and implementing most types of voluntary
standards are typically borne by those who will derive benefit from the
document.
 Certain expenses are assumed by the entity responsible for
facilitating the standard's development;
 Others expenses are taken by the subject matter experts and
organizations that participate in its creation.
 The end user bears the cost of purchase, if applicable, and may
assume responsibility for implementation expenditures.
The equitable distribution of expenses incurred during the standardization
life cycle helps to mitigate the risk that any single group will attempt to
exercise undue influence because it has taken on an inordinate share of
the expenses.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
23
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
24
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
25
Source: American Standards Association, Voluntary Standards, 1946
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
26
MMPDS Defined
Metallic
Materials
Properties
Development and
Standardization
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
27
History & Background
Evolution of ANC-5 to Mil-Hdbk-5
• Mil-Hdbk-5 (published and funded by the Air Force)
was first published in 1959.
– Original publication took data from ANC-5 and expanded
content.
– Recognized that a single published source of material
properties was cost effective, encouraged companies to
share their data for the benefit of all and resulted in
increased product safety.
– Air Force funding was used along with industry money in
development of material properties to fill in gaps in the data.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
28
History & Background
Evolution of Mil-Hdbk-5 to MMPDS
• With acquisition reform of the early-mid 90’s the Air
Force withdrew from the specification business and MilHdbk-5 transitioned to MMPDS with the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) as lead government agency.
• The USAF issued a cancellation notice for MIL-HDBK-5J,
effective May 5, 2004. In the notice, a pointer is made to
the MMPDS-01 as the replacement document.
• Initial issue MMPDS-01 was identical to the last issue of
Mil-Hdbk-5.
• MMPDS-06 recently published
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
29
Overview
MMPDS Handbook
MMPDS is the result of technical coordination activity of industrygovernment collaborative process in which consistent and
reliable methods are developed and used to collect, analyze, and
present statistically based material and fastener allowable
properties. This activity was originally established to develop
consensus standards for metallic materials and fastener system
properties and the methods used to develop them.
As such, the MMPDS Handbook is recognized and used by
engineers worldwide as the primary source of statisticallybased design allowable properties for metallic materials and
fasteners used in many different Aerospace Launch
Vehicles, commercial aircraft and military weapon systems
around the world.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
30
Overview
Types of Data in MMPDS
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
31
Overview
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
32
Overview
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
33
Overview
Graphical Data Examples
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
34
Overview
Data Entry Requirements
• Production material manufactured using
production facilities, standardized fabrication
techniques and processing procedures
• Material conforms to a material specification:
– Industry: ASTM, SAE-AMS
– Government: Military, Federal
• Testing procedures conform to ASTM
standards and specifications
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
35
Overview
Review and Approval Process
Alloy Maturity
Alloy Development
Material Producers
Collaborative
Secretariat
Government
Material Users
Initial Database
Generated by
Material Producer
Aircraft and
Spacecraft
Designer Buy-in
Public Specification
Drafted and
Circulated for
Approval
No
Yes
Additional
Data
Needed?
Database Generated
by Material
Producer and User
Yes
Handbook
Requirements
Check
Database
Delivered to
Secretariat
Committee Review
and Approval of
Allowables
Publication of
Meeting
Minutes
Revision to
Handbook and
Change Notices
Government Review
and Acceptance of
Design
Develop Proposed
Design
Distribution of
Document
Statistical
Analysis of
Database
No
Prepare Data
Proposal for
Meeting Agenda
Handbook Process
Government and
Industrial Steering
Group Oversight
and Support
Handbook Process
Handbook Process
Handbook Process
Part in
Service
Part Manufacture
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
36
Overview
Final Requirement Output
• What is the outcome: A standardized process to develop
acceptable design and certification compliance data and tools that
enable the FAA to operate in more cost effective and efficient
manner
• How will it be used: Promote a uniform level of safety in
developing and maintaining safety standards through a widely
recognized government/industry organization
• What will it be used to accomplish: MMPDS Handbook data
and guidance material to comply with requirements for material
properties and design values.
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
37
MMPDS Organization
•
MMPDS reflects combined efforts of Industry and Government
Industry
Steering Group
Government
Steering Group
Airframer
Working Group
Propulsion
Working Group
General
Coordinating
Committee
Material & Tech
Working Steering
Group
Secretariat
(Battelle)
(new 2012)
Guidelines
Task Group
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Materials
Task Group
Fasteners
Task Group
Federal Aviation
Administration
38
MMPDS Organization (cont…)
•
MMPDS reflects combined efforts of Industry and Government
Government
Steering Group
Government Steering Group (GSG) provides
oversight to ensure that values published meet
regulatory requirements.
Industry
Steering Group
Airframer
Working Group
Secretariat
(Battelle)
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Industry Steering Group (ISG), in partnership is other
industry special interest groups, define what materials
& properties are needed to be included in handbook to
ensure MMPDS supports industrial needs.
Propulsion
Working Group
(new 2012)
The Secretariat, with guidance from the GSG & ISG,
performs the day-to-day tasks to keep MMPDS current.
(e.g., data regression, MMPDS publication, coordinating
meetings, etc…)
Federal Aviation
Administration
39
MMPDS Organization
MMPDS Partnerships
• FAA organizations: AIR-100, ANM-100, ANG-E2:
SIC-TCRG
• Other Government organizations
• Industry (Mainly Aircraft Industries)
• Academia
• International
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
40
MMPDS Organization
GSG Membership
• Ideally represent all government agencies that derive benefits
from the existence and continued maintenance of MMPDS
Handbook.
• Depending on the availability of funds, support has been
provided from various agencies including the Defense
Logistics Agency (DLA), USAF, NASA, Navy, and the FAA.
• Current dues paying members are FAA ($) & Navy ($K)….
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
41
MMPDS Organization
ISG Membership
• Representatives from major metallic
material suppliers and users worldwide
• Membership growing: From 10 to 29
organizations past 5 years
• International Participation:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Canada
France
Germany
Japan
Romania
Spain
Turkey
UK
USA
Metallic Material Producer Aircraft Producer
or Technical Service
(Metallic Material
Provider
User)
Alcoa
Airbus
Aleris Aluminum
Boeing
Allfast
Bombardier
Alro S.A.
Cessna
ATI Allvac
Embraer
Aubert & Duval
Goodrich Corp. Aerostructures
Constellium
Granta Design
Haynes International
Hamilton
Sundstrand
Kaiser Aluminum
Honeywell
Materion
ITP Industries
QuesTek Innovations
Lockheed Martin
Corp.
Sumitomo Light Metal
Industries
Northrop Grumman
Universal Alloy
Rolls Royce
Westmoreland Mechanical Spirit Aerosystems
* Member organizations headquartered in 8
different countries worldwide
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
42
MMPDS Organization
• Meetings held twice/year; spring & fall
• Agenda items presented at meetings for revision of
MMPDS
–
–
–
–
New Alloys
Revision to guidelines
Revision to existing mechanical properties
Addition of other properties; fatigue, effect of temperature
curves, fracture toughness, creep, etc
• Task Groups review agenda and determine
revisions to next MMPDS Handbook
• Finalized/formalized at General Coordinating
Committee
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
43
Summary
 Industry/Government
collaborative process
 Results in consensus
standards for:
 Material Allowables
 Statistical Methods
 Facilitates compliance
with 14 CFR (civil),
JSSG 2006 (military )
and NASA-STD-6016
(NASA)
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
44
Summary
Evolving Process and Document
• Data entered for new materials and fastener
systems: Up to 6 new alloys are added to each
handbook revision
• Data is continuously evaluated, critiqued and
updated: Statistical procedures and guidelines
• Maintained by an unbiased third party secretariat
(Battelle)
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
45
Legal Ramification & Enforcement
De Facto Standards
De Jure Standards
o Unless been codified,
Government can enforced or
take legal action.
o Congress bestows on Federal
Agencies to enforce and take
legal action
o May be liable for civil lawsuits
Standard
Voluntary Consensus
Standards (VCS)
Civilian Application
o May be liable for civil lawsuits
Public Application
o It has be used as used and
referenced in Agency standard.
e.g. TSOA (Technical Standard
Order Authorization), AC
(Advisory Circular)
§ 21.2 Falsification of applications, reports, or records.
(a) A person may not make or cause to be made:
(1) Any fraudulent, intentionally false, or misleading statement on any application for a certificate or approval under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent, intentionally false, or misleading statement in any record or report that is kept, made, or used to show compliance with any requirement of this part;
(3) Any reproduction for a fraudulent purpose of any certificate or approval issued under this part.
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or approval issued under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for:
(1) Denying issuance of any certificate or approval under this part; and
(2) Suspending or revoking any certificate or approval issued under this part and held by that person.
[Doc. No. 23345, 57 FR 41367, Sept. 9, 1992, as amended by Amdt. 21-92, 74 FR 53384, Oct. 16, 2009; Amdt. 21-92A, 75FR 9095, Mar. 1, 2010]
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
46
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
47
Standards play
major role in
preventing loss
of lives and
properties
of the right standard
and to ensure
compliance with its
requirement
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
48
The first set of points is related to a first exposure to general engineering
standards.
1) What are engineering or consensus standards?
2) Who writes them and who establishes them?
3) Who uses them?
4) When should an engineer use them? What are the obligations to use them?
5) Can engineering standards change in time?
6) Why do we have US and international standards? Which are relevant in any
given circumstance?
7) Why do we have to pay for them?
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
49
The next set of issues is related to using standards.
1) How does an engineer find the standards relevant to the specific problems
he or she is addressing?
2) What is involved in using a standard?
3) How much flexibility do engineering standard leave to the practitioner?
4) What are the legal issues related to using or not using engineering
standards?
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
50
Questions?
Consensus Standards Presentation
By: Jim Kabbara
April 16, 2013
Federal Aviation
Administration
51