Internal Quality
Assurance Applied by
Asian Universities
Associate Professor Tan Kay Chuan
Director, Office of Quality Management
Drivers of Internal Quality
Assurance
International Quality
Standards
Regional Quality
Standards
Internal
Quality
Assurance
Professional Bodies
National Quality
Standards
2
International Quality Standards
ISO 9001:2008 is the standard that provides a set of standardized requirements for a
quality management system
(4)Continual improvement
Quality Management
System (QMS)
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M M
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(5) Management
Responsibility
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(6) Resource
Management
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Input
(7) Product
Realization
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(8) Measurement,
Analysis, Improvement
Output
Product
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Source: http://www.iso.org, IWA 2:2007 - Quality Management Systems - Guidelines for the
application of ISO 9001:2000 in education
International Quality Standards
IWA 2:2007 - Quality Management Systems - Guidelines for the
application of ISO 9001:2000 in education
Principles
Description
Process approach
Identify the degree to which each operational process
creates learner value
Customer focus
Enablers like technology, skill, expertise and culture that lead
to the creation of learner value
System approach
Each operational process to achieve its objectives from an
administrative standpoint
Leadership
Establishes vision, creates policy and leads the organization
in responding to changes in the environment
Factual approach
Decisions based on facts and not on convenient speculation
Supplier relationship
Collaboration with partners to obtain optimal wisdom, skill
and creativity to achieve learner value
Involvement of people
Maximizes the use of its people competence, wisdom, skill
and creativity
Continuous improvement Improvement in learning process and learner’s personal
learning to create values
Regional Quality Standards
ASEAN University Network
Source: AUN QA Network
Regional Quality Standards
ASEAN University Network
Strategic
(QA at
Institutional Level)
Systemic
(Internal QA System)
Tactical
(QA at Programme Level)
Source: AUN QA Network
Regional Quality Standards
ASEAN University Network
Stakeholder Satisfaction
Mission
Policy
Plan
Management
Goals
Aims
Educational
Activities
Research
Human
Resources
Funding
Community
Service
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Quality Assurance and (Inter)national Benchmarking
Institutional QA Model
Source: AUN QA Network
Regional Quality Standards
ASEAN University Network
Internal Quality Assurance
Feedback from the
Labour Market
and Alumni
Research
Performance
Research
Evaluation
Service
Evaluation
Assurance
Student
Assessments
Course and
Curriculum
Evaluation
Assurance
Quality
Staff
Quality
Assurance
Facilities
Quality
Assurance
Student Support
SWOT
Analysis
Inter-Collegial
Audits
Information
System
Quality
Handbook
Monitoring
Instruments
Student
Progress
Pass Rate
Drop-out Rate
Evaluation
Instruments
Student
Evaluation
Special QA
Processes
Specific QA
Instruments
Follow up
IQA System Model
Source: AUN QA Network
Regional Quality Standards
ASEAN University Network
Stakeholders Satisfaction
Expected
Learning
Outcomes
Programme
Specification
Programme
Content
Programme
Organisation
Didactic
Concept
Student
Assessment
Academic Staff
Quality
Support Staff
Quality
Student
Quality
Student
Advice &
Support
Facilities &
Infrastructure
Quality
Assurance
Teaching/
Learning
Student
Evaluation
Graduate
Profile
Pass Rates
Staff
Curriculum
Stakeholders
Development
Design
Feedback
Activities
Drop Out
Rates
A
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v
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t
s
Graduation
Employability
Time
Quality Assurance and (Inter)national benchmarking
QA at Programme Level (Original)
Source: AUN QA Network
Regional Quality Standards
ASEAN University Network
Stakeholders Satisfaction
Programme
Specification
Expected
Learning
Outcomes
Academic Staff
Quality
Programme
Structure &
Content
Support Staff
Quality
Quality Assurance of
Teaching & Learning
Pass Rates
Drop Out
Rates
Teaching & Learning
Strategy
Student
Quality
Student
Advice &
Support
Staff
Development
Activities
Graduation
Time
Student
Assessment
Facilities &
Infrastructure
Stakeholders
Feedback
Employability
A
c
h
i
e
v
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m
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n
t
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Research
Quality Assurance and (Inter)national benchmarking
QA at Programme Level (Revised)
Source: AUN QA Network
National Quality Standards
Country
QA Body/Agency
Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam National
Accreditation Council (BDNAC)
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Accreditation Committee of Cambodia
(ACC)
Ministry of Education
the Hong Kong Council for
Accreditation of Academic and
Vocational Qualifications (HKCAAVQ)
The National Assessment and
Accreditation Council (NAAC)
Qualification Framework
Brunei National Qualifications
Framework (BNQF, in
Progress)
Nil
Nil
The Hong Kong Qualifications
Framework
National Qualification
Framework in Technical
Vocational Education and
Training
National Accreditation Board for Higher BAN-PT
Education
Japan University Accreditation
Association
JUAA University Standards
11
National Quality Standards
Country
Lao PDR
QA Body/Agency
Quality Assurance Centre, Department of
Higher Education, Ministry of Education
Qualification Framework
Nil
Malaysia
Malaysian Qualifications Agency
Myanmar
Philippines
Nil
CHED, PAASCU
Malaysian
Qualifications
Framework
Nil
Philippine National
Qualifications Framework
Singapore
Higher Education Quality Assurance
Section, Ministry of Education
Thailand
Commision on Higher Education Office for National Qualification
National Educatioin, Standard &
Framework
Assessment
General Department for Education Testing Nil
and Accreditation (GDETA), Ministry of
Education and Training
Vietnam
Quality Assurance
Framework of Universities
12
Professional Bodies
International
Professional
Bodies
Regional
Professional
Bodies
National
Professional
Bodies
13
Internal Quality Assurance in
General
Stakeholders’ Requirements
Input
Process
Output
• Students
• Teaching &
• Skilled and
• Curricula
• Faculty staff
• Non-faculty staff
• Facilities &
Infrastructure
• Teaching
resources
Learning
• Staff
development
• Student support
& evaluation
• Research
• Administration
employable
graduates
• Research
publications &
output
• Contribution to
community
Stakeholders’ Satisfaction
14
Characteristics of QA in Asia
•
•
•
•
Most countries have established QA bodies
Uneven development in national capacity
Core standards and criteria are quite similar
QA framework varies: institution, programme,
or both
• Applicable to public or private universities or
both
15
QA Challenges in Asia
• Different phases of Asian QA development
and maturity
• Harmonization of Asian QA standards
• Recognition of Asian QA standards
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Closing the Quality Gap
Source: AUN QA Network
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Harmonization of Asian QA
Standards
• ASEAN University Network – Quality
Assurance (AUN - QA), established in 1998
• Asia-Pacific Quality Network (APQN),
established in 2005
• ASEAN Quality Assurance Network (AQAN),
established in 2008
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Harmonization of Asian QA
Standards
Chiba Principle, 2008
•
To provide guidance to higher education providers and QA
agencies in enhancing QA policies and practices
Chiba Principle Quality Framework
•
•
•
Internal Quality Assurance: key principles guiding
institutions in assuring their own institutional quality
Quality Assurance Agencies: principles guiding the QA
agencies and their management
Quality Assurance Assessment: guiding principle for the
assessment of institution and programmes by the
institution themselves or the QA agency
Ton Vroeijenstijn, 2009, “Quality Assurance in Asian and European Higher Education – Opportunities for Inter- and Intra- Regional Cooperation”
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QA Collaboration Beyond Asia
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