雷擊突波保護器

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Surge Protective Device相關認證介紹
突波器裝了根本沒用?
很常聽到業主、工程顧問公司抱怨,突波消除器裝了很多
,但是一打雷,設備還是燒壞一片。
會有這樣的狀況,問題不外乎在於突波器的選用、配置與
品質三個部分。
本簡報之重點在於:如何確保突波器的品質。
SPD 測試與認證
突波保護器(SPD)不像是一般的電器設備,安裝完成後可
以直接開機測試其效果是否符合型錄上的規格。因此,為
了確保產品品質,相關的認證是必要的。
要注意的是,有些製造商會在產品型錄寫:產品符合UL
1449, IEC…等規定。符合標準和認證是完全不一樣的,就
像是台大畢業跟符合台大教學這兩者的差異。
規格範例
避雷器
電源用避雷器
本設備之功能為吸收雷擊突波異常電壓以保護儀器不致損壞,並維持
AC迴路之正常運作。其應具雷擊後能自動恢復待機的功能。
(1) 型式:自動復原型。
(2) 突波放電耐衝擊電流:10kA (8x20μs)。
(3) 初放電電壓:>410V。
(4) 突波耐衝擊電壓:15KV。
(5) 響應時間:≦1ns。
(6) 最大負載電流:10A。
(7) 工作環境:-10~60℃, 0~95%RH。
(8) 內裝EMI電源濾波器,可降低EMI干擾。
(9) 符合ANSI/IEEE C62.41
是否驗收?
如果承包商:
1. 打開word。
2. 把規格複製,貼上,並編列型號。
3. 將型號貼紙貼在看似突波器的外殼上。
4. 產品完成。
是否驗收?責任誰擔?
測試是不足的
有些製造商會說,我的產品是有經過ILAC(TAF)實驗室測
試,所以我的產品是沒有問題的。但測試會有三個問題:
1. 測試的標準是不是對的?
2. 有沒有依照標準完全測試?
3. 賣出去的產品和測試的產品是否相同?
測試是不足的
1. 測試的標準是不是對的?
IEC 61000-5 (CNS 14676)
電磁相容-突波免疫測試
IEC 61643-1
低壓突波器:低壓配電系統使用的突波器-規定及測試
UL 1449
突波保護器之標準
UL 94 V-0
塑膠材料耐燃性測試
測試是不足的
2. 有沒有依照標準完全測試?
假設A標準要求30種測試,但是製造商可能只測試其中3
種。一般使用者根本無法得知產品到底有沒有完整測試。
測試是不足的
3. 賣出去的產品和測試的產品是否相同?
一般實驗室的測試只對送測試的產品負責,很難確保測試
的產品和售出的產品內容都是一樣的。
UL認證、CE標誌則是會在所有售出的產品上打上標誌,
如果售出的產品和當初送認證的產品內容不一樣,則製造
商會遭受到嚴厲的法律制裁。
美國確保產品品質的做法
NEC 2011
National Electrical Code
NFPA 780/2011
STANDARD FOR THE INSTALLATION OF LIGHTNING
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
UL 1449
Surge Protective Devices
NEC 2011要求SPD一定要認證
NEC(National Electrical Code) 2011年版強制要求SPD必
須要經過認證。
根據NEC 2011 article 285
Surge-Protective Devices (SPDs),1 kV or Less
285.5 Listing
An SPD (surge arrester or TVSS) shall be a listed
device.
NEC 2011要求SPD一定要認證
根據NEC 2011 article 800
Communications Circuits
Article 800.170
Equipment
Communications equipment shall be listed as being
suitable for electrical connection to a communications
network.
NEC 2011要求SPD一定要認證
根據NEC 2011 Definitions:
Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a
list published by an organization that is acceptable to
the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with
evaluation of products or services, that maintains
periodic inspection of production of listed equipment
or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and
whose listing states that either the equipment,
material, or service meets appropriate designated
standards or has been tested and found suitable for a
specified purpose.
美國國家認可實驗室
NRTLs(Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories)
美國國家認可實驗室,根據NEC, NFPA的規定,SPD必須
要經過NRTL的認證才可以在美國銷售。
NRTL名單可在下面連結查詢:
http://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/nrtllist.html
要依照哪個標準認證?
根據NEC 2011 Annex A
Product Safety Standards
Protectors for Data Communication and Fire Alarm Circuits
UL 497B
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors
UL 1449
NFPA 780/2011 電力
根據NFPA 780/2011
4.18.5.3
The protection of service entrances shall use Type 1
or Type 2 SPD, in compliance with applicable
standards such as UL 1449, UL Standard for Safety
for Surge Protective Devices, Edition 3.
NFPA 780/2011 通信
根據NFPA780/2011
4.18.6.4.1
SPDs protecting communications systems shall be
grounded in accordance with NFPA 70, National
Electrical Code, Chapter 8.
要依照哪個標準認證?
ANSI/IEEE C62.41.2:
IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of
Surges in Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power
Circuits (IEEE建議之低壓【1000V以下】交流電力線路突
波保護特性)
此標準是建議如何選用突波器的參數,例如,最大放電電
流要選多少kA。此標準不是強制要求的測試標準。
美規結論
1.
SPD在安裝之後是無法測試,因此勢必要想辦法來確保產品品質。
2.
目前台灣無相關法規,因此建議參考美國NEC 或NFPA 780
3.
根據NEC內容,SPD一定要經過認證(Listed)才能使用。
4.
UL 1449, UL 497B不但是私人實驗室的標準,同時也是法規強制要求認
證的規範。在美國,沒有經過這些標準認證的產品是不能使用的。
5.
ANSI/IEEE C62.41.2不是強制性的標準,只是建議相關參數選用方式。
6.
為確保產品品質,依照UL標準做認證應該是基本標準。
UL 1449 第三版測試了甚麼
1. UL 1449第三版不但有安全性的測試(過電壓、過電流
、故障電流等),也有功能性的測試(標稱放電電流測試
In、防護電壓額定值VPR)。
2. 台灣UL介紹(http://www.ul.com/asiaonthemark/twzh/2009-Issue31/page12.htm)。
3. 測試細節請到
(http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/tocs/tocs.asp?fn=14
49.toc)
4. UL 認證可以線上查詢(UL Online Certification)
UL 1449 第三版測試了甚麼
TEST PROGRAM
33 General
33.1 General
33.2 Test environment and general sample discussion
34 Leakage Current Test - Type 3 SPDs Only
35 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test
35.1 Primary circuits
35.2 Isolated secondary circuits
36 Temperature Test
37 Surge Testing
37.1 General
37.2 Test equipment
37.3 Surge generator calibration
37.4 Test procedure
37.5 Representative device - Sample preparation
37.6 Determination of voltage protection rating (VPR)
37.7 Nominal discharge current - For Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs and
Type 1, 2 Component Assemblies
37.8 Operating duty cycle test - For Type 3 SPDs and Type 3
Component Assemblies
37.9 Repeated voltage protection rating test
37A Type 5 SPD Surge Testing
37B Type 4 Component Assemblies Surge Testing
38 Operational Voltage Test
39 Current Testing
39.1 General
39.2 Short circuit current rating test - For Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs
39.3 Intermediate current test
39.4 Limited current abnormal overvoltage test
39A Thermal Responsive Device Testing
39A.1 Temperature withstand
39A.2 Repeat limited current test
39B Thermal Responsive Device Testing
39C Thermal Responsive Device Testing
40 Grounding Continuity Test
41 Fault Current Test
42 Overcurrent Test
43 Withstand Test
44 Instrumentation and Calibration of High-Capacity Circuits
44.1 General
44.2 Available current of 10,000 amperes or less
44.3 Available current more than 10,000 amperes
44.4 Instrumentation for test currents above 10,000 amperes
45 Insulation Resistance Test
46 Capacitor Endurance Test
47 Component Breakdown Test
48 Strain Relief Test
49 Push-Back Relief Test
50 Conductor Secureness Test
51 Snap-On Cover Tests
52 Non-Metallic Enclosure Conduit Connection Tests
52.1 General
52.2 Pullout
52.3 Bending
52.4 Torque
53 Enclosure Impact Tests
53.1 General
53.2 Drop impact test
53.3 Steel sphere impact test
53.4 Low-temperature steel sphere impact test
54 Crushing Test
55 Mold Stress-Relief Distortion Test
56 Mounting Hole Barrier Tests
56.1 General
56.2 Mounting hole barrier impact test
56.3 Mounting hole barrier probe test
57 Adequacy of Mounting Test
58 Accessibility Tests
58.1 Enclosure accessibility test
58.2 Accessibility of live parts test
59 Permanence of Cord Tag Test
59.1 General
59.2 Conditioning
59.3 Test method
59A Capacitor Discharge
59B Metal Oxide Varistor Voltage
59C Metal Oxide Varistor DC Leakage Current
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION-LINE TESTS
60 General
61 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test
62 Grounding Continuity Test
62A Nominal Varistor Voltage
UL 497B測試了甚麼?
PERFORMANCE
11 General
12 Strike Voltage Breakdown Test
13 Endurance Conditioning
14 Temperature Test
15 Variable Ambient Conditioning
16 Humidity Conditioning
17 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test
18 Vibration Conditioning
19 Jarring Test
20 High Temperature Test
21 Discharge Test
22 Repeated Discharge Test
23 Polymeric Materials Tests
23.1 General
23.2 Distortion
23.3 Flame
24 Lead Strain-Relief Test
可在下面連結查詢:
http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/tocs/tocs.asp?fn=0497b.toc
歐洲確保產品品質的做法
CE Mark
IEC/EN 61643-1
Low-Voltage SPDs - Part 1: SPDs Connected to LowVoltage Power Distribution Systems - Requirements
and Tests
CE Mark
當SPD要進入歐洲市場,則產品必須要有CE mark,且
SPD是屬於Low Voltage Directive,測試標準為IEC/EN
61643-1
CE mark的介紹請到下面網址查詢
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/single-marketgoods/cemarking/about-ce-marking/index_en.htm
CE Mark
CE Mark取得之簡易說明:
1.製造商要先確認產品是屬於哪一種類別(directives)
2.找出應該符合的調和標準(Harmonised Standard)
3.評估產品是否有符合該標準
4.填寫聲明書(Declaration of Conformity),保證產品完
全符合標準。
5.標示CE
CE Mark, 如果造假…
What are the penalties for counterfeiting the
CE marking?
The procedures, measures and sanctions that apply to counterfeiting of
the CE marking vary according to Member States' national
administrative, civil and criminal laws. Depending on the seriousness of
the crime, economic operators may be liable to a fine and, in some
circumstances, imprisonment. Products may be withdrawn or recalled
from the market. However, if the product is not regarded as an imminent
safety risk, the manufacturer may be given the opportunity to bring the
product into compliance with the applicable legislation rather than
being obliged to take the product off the market.
歐規結論
1.
進入EEA(European Economic Area)的產品,都需要有CE mark。
2.
但是台灣並非EEA會員國,因此沒有相關保障的法規(如抽查、檢驗、懲罰)。
3.
在台灣,CE mark較無保障。
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