Surge Protective Device相關認證介紹 突波器裝了根本沒用? 很常聽到業主、工程顧問公司抱怨,突波消除器裝了很多 ,但是一打雷,設備還是燒壞一片。 會有這樣的狀況,問題不外乎在於突波器的選用、配置與 品質三個部分。 本簡報之重點在於:如何確保突波器的品質。 SPD 測試與認證 突波保護器(SPD)不像是一般的電器設備,安裝完成後可 以直接開機測試其效果是否符合型錄上的規格。因此,為 了確保產品品質,相關的認證是必要的。 要注意的是,有些製造商會在產品型錄寫:產品符合UL 1449, IEC…等規定。符合標準和認證是完全不一樣的,就 像是台大畢業跟符合台大教學這兩者的差異。 規格範例 避雷器 電源用避雷器 本設備之功能為吸收雷擊突波異常電壓以保護儀器不致損壞,並維持 AC迴路之正常運作。其應具雷擊後能自動恢復待機的功能。 (1) 型式:自動復原型。 (2) 突波放電耐衝擊電流:10kA (8x20μs)。 (3) 初放電電壓:>410V。 (4) 突波耐衝擊電壓:15KV。 (5) 響應時間:≦1ns。 (6) 最大負載電流:10A。 (7) 工作環境:-10~60℃, 0~95%RH。 (8) 內裝EMI電源濾波器,可降低EMI干擾。 (9) 符合ANSI/IEEE C62.41 是否驗收? 如果承包商: 1. 打開word。 2. 把規格複製,貼上,並編列型號。 3. 將型號貼紙貼在看似突波器的外殼上。 4. 產品完成。 是否驗收?責任誰擔? 測試是不足的 有些製造商會說,我的產品是有經過ILAC(TAF)實驗室測 試,所以我的產品是沒有問題的。但測試會有三個問題: 1. 測試的標準是不是對的? 2. 有沒有依照標準完全測試? 3. 賣出去的產品和測試的產品是否相同? 測試是不足的 1. 測試的標準是不是對的? IEC 61000-5 (CNS 14676) 電磁相容-突波免疫測試 IEC 61643-1 低壓突波器:低壓配電系統使用的突波器-規定及測試 UL 1449 突波保護器之標準 UL 94 V-0 塑膠材料耐燃性測試 測試是不足的 2. 有沒有依照標準完全測試? 假設A標準要求30種測試,但是製造商可能只測試其中3 種。一般使用者根本無法得知產品到底有沒有完整測試。 測試是不足的 3. 賣出去的產品和測試的產品是否相同? 一般實驗室的測試只對送測試的產品負責,很難確保測試 的產品和售出的產品內容都是一樣的。 UL認證、CE標誌則是會在所有售出的產品上打上標誌, 如果售出的產品和當初送認證的產品內容不一樣,則製造 商會遭受到嚴厲的法律制裁。 美國確保產品品質的做法 NEC 2011 National Electrical Code NFPA 780/2011 STANDARD FOR THE INSTALLATION OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS UL 1449 Surge Protective Devices NEC 2011要求SPD一定要認證 NEC(National Electrical Code) 2011年版強制要求SPD必 須要經過認證。 根據NEC 2011 article 285 Surge-Protective Devices (SPDs),1 kV or Less 285.5 Listing An SPD (surge arrester or TVSS) shall be a listed device. NEC 2011要求SPD一定要認證 根據NEC 2011 article 800 Communications Circuits Article 800.170 Equipment Communications equipment shall be listed as being suitable for electrical connection to a communications network. NEC 2011要求SPD一定要認證 根據NEC 2011 Definitions: Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. 美國國家認可實驗室 NRTLs(Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories) 美國國家認可實驗室,根據NEC, NFPA的規定,SPD必須 要經過NRTL的認證才可以在美國銷售。 NRTL名單可在下面連結查詢: http://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/nrtllist.html 要依照哪個標準認證? 根據NEC 2011 Annex A Product Safety Standards Protectors for Data Communication and Fire Alarm Circuits UL 497B Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors UL 1449 NFPA 780/2011 電力 根據NFPA 780/2011 4.18.5.3 The protection of service entrances shall use Type 1 or Type 2 SPD, in compliance with applicable standards such as UL 1449, UL Standard for Safety for Surge Protective Devices, Edition 3. NFPA 780/2011 通信 根據NFPA780/2011 4.18.6.4.1 SPDs protecting communications systems shall be grounded in accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Chapter 8. 要依照哪個標準認證? ANSI/IEEE C62.41.2: IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power Circuits (IEEE建議之低壓【1000V以下】交流電力線路突 波保護特性) 此標準是建議如何選用突波器的參數,例如,最大放電電 流要選多少kA。此標準不是強制要求的測試標準。 美規結論 1. SPD在安裝之後是無法測試,因此勢必要想辦法來確保產品品質。 2. 目前台灣無相關法規,因此建議參考美國NEC 或NFPA 780 3. 根據NEC內容,SPD一定要經過認證(Listed)才能使用。 4. UL 1449, UL 497B不但是私人實驗室的標準,同時也是法規強制要求認 證的規範。在美國,沒有經過這些標準認證的產品是不能使用的。 5. ANSI/IEEE C62.41.2不是強制性的標準,只是建議相關參數選用方式。 6. 為確保產品品質,依照UL標準做認證應該是基本標準。 UL 1449 第三版測試了甚麼 1. UL 1449第三版不但有安全性的測試(過電壓、過電流 、故障電流等),也有功能性的測試(標稱放電電流測試 In、防護電壓額定值VPR)。 2. 台灣UL介紹(http://www.ul.com/asiaonthemark/twzh/2009-Issue31/page12.htm)。 3. 測試細節請到 (http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/tocs/tocs.asp?fn=14 49.toc) 4. UL 認證可以線上查詢(UL Online Certification) UL 1449 第三版測試了甚麼 TEST PROGRAM 33 General 33.1 General 33.2 Test environment and general sample discussion 34 Leakage Current Test - Type 3 SPDs Only 35 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test 35.1 Primary circuits 35.2 Isolated secondary circuits 36 Temperature Test 37 Surge Testing 37.1 General 37.2 Test equipment 37.3 Surge generator calibration 37.4 Test procedure 37.5 Representative device - Sample preparation 37.6 Determination of voltage protection rating (VPR) 37.7 Nominal discharge current - For Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs and Type 1, 2 Component Assemblies 37.8 Operating duty cycle test - For Type 3 SPDs and Type 3 Component Assemblies 37.9 Repeated voltage protection rating test 37A Type 5 SPD Surge Testing 37B Type 4 Component Assemblies Surge Testing 38 Operational Voltage Test 39 Current Testing 39.1 General 39.2 Short circuit current rating test - For Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs 39.3 Intermediate current test 39.4 Limited current abnormal overvoltage test 39A Thermal Responsive Device Testing 39A.1 Temperature withstand 39A.2 Repeat limited current test 39B Thermal Responsive Device Testing 39C Thermal Responsive Device Testing 40 Grounding Continuity Test 41 Fault Current Test 42 Overcurrent Test 43 Withstand Test 44 Instrumentation and Calibration of High-Capacity Circuits 44.1 General 44.2 Available current of 10,000 amperes or less 44.3 Available current more than 10,000 amperes 44.4 Instrumentation for test currents above 10,000 amperes 45 Insulation Resistance Test 46 Capacitor Endurance Test 47 Component Breakdown Test 48 Strain Relief Test 49 Push-Back Relief Test 50 Conductor Secureness Test 51 Snap-On Cover Tests 52 Non-Metallic Enclosure Conduit Connection Tests 52.1 General 52.2 Pullout 52.3 Bending 52.4 Torque 53 Enclosure Impact Tests 53.1 General 53.2 Drop impact test 53.3 Steel sphere impact test 53.4 Low-temperature steel sphere impact test 54 Crushing Test 55 Mold Stress-Relief Distortion Test 56 Mounting Hole Barrier Tests 56.1 General 56.2 Mounting hole barrier impact test 56.3 Mounting hole barrier probe test 57 Adequacy of Mounting Test 58 Accessibility Tests 58.1 Enclosure accessibility test 58.2 Accessibility of live parts test 59 Permanence of Cord Tag Test 59.1 General 59.2 Conditioning 59.3 Test method 59A Capacitor Discharge 59B Metal Oxide Varistor Voltage 59C Metal Oxide Varistor DC Leakage Current MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION-LINE TESTS 60 General 61 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test 62 Grounding Continuity Test 62A Nominal Varistor Voltage UL 497B測試了甚麼? PERFORMANCE 11 General 12 Strike Voltage Breakdown Test 13 Endurance Conditioning 14 Temperature Test 15 Variable Ambient Conditioning 16 Humidity Conditioning 17 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test 18 Vibration Conditioning 19 Jarring Test 20 High Temperature Test 21 Discharge Test 22 Repeated Discharge Test 23 Polymeric Materials Tests 23.1 General 23.2 Distortion 23.3 Flame 24 Lead Strain-Relief Test 可在下面連結查詢: http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/tocs/tocs.asp?fn=0497b.toc 歐洲確保產品品質的做法 CE Mark IEC/EN 61643-1 Low-Voltage SPDs - Part 1: SPDs Connected to LowVoltage Power Distribution Systems - Requirements and Tests CE Mark 當SPD要進入歐洲市場,則產品必須要有CE mark,且 SPD是屬於Low Voltage Directive,測試標準為IEC/EN 61643-1 CE mark的介紹請到下面網址查詢 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/single-marketgoods/cemarking/about-ce-marking/index_en.htm CE Mark CE Mark取得之簡易說明: 1.製造商要先確認產品是屬於哪一種類別(directives) 2.找出應該符合的調和標準(Harmonised Standard) 3.評估產品是否有符合該標準 4.填寫聲明書(Declaration of Conformity),保證產品完 全符合標準。 5.標示CE CE Mark, 如果造假… What are the penalties for counterfeiting the CE marking? The procedures, measures and sanctions that apply to counterfeiting of the CE marking vary according to Member States' national administrative, civil and criminal laws. Depending on the seriousness of the crime, economic operators may be liable to a fine and, in some circumstances, imprisonment. Products may be withdrawn or recalled from the market. However, if the product is not regarded as an imminent safety risk, the manufacturer may be given the opportunity to bring the product into compliance with the applicable legislation rather than being obliged to take the product off the market. 歐規結論 1. 進入EEA(European Economic Area)的產品,都需要有CE mark。 2. 但是台灣並非EEA會員國,因此沒有相關保障的法規(如抽查、檢驗、懲罰)。 3. 在台灣,CE mark較無保障。