Fukushima Nuclear Accident
~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~
National Radiological
Emergency Preparedness Conference
Austin, Texas
April 8th, 2013
Kenji Tateiwa
Manager, Nuclear Power Programs
Tokyo Electric Power Company, Washington Office
tateiwa.kenji@tepco.co.jp
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
My Background
 ’90~’96: Kyoto University
BS/MS in Nuclear Engineering
 ’96~: TEPCO
TEPCO class of ‘96
in Naraha-town, Fukushima
(Jan. 2000)
’96~’00: Fukushima Daini NPS
’00~’02: Nuclear Engineering Dept.,
Tokyo-H/Q
’02~’04: MBA, Stanford Graduate
School of Business
’04~’05: Nuclear Engineering Dept.
Pursued “Nuclear
Renaissance” in Texas
(June 2010)
’05~’11: International Affairs Dept.
Mar.~Sept.’11: Fukushima Response
Int’l Team, Tokyo-H/Q
Sept. ’11~: Washington DC Office
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
2
My Post-Accident Activities
IAEA Preliminary Mission (4/6/2011@1F)
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
3
My Post-Accident Activities
“Bedroom” of Emergency Response Center (5/21/2011@1F)
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
4
My Post-Accident Activities
“Nothing has been
more important in
my career than
supporting TEPCO.”
Discussion with U.S. INPO-Industry
Support Team (8/19/2011@2F)
INPO: Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
5
Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE)
Houses Swept Away
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
Cruise Ship
Stranded
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
March 11, 2011 at 2:46pm
Magnitude 9.0
19,000 dead/missing
Largest earthquake/tsunami
in recorded history of Japan
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
6
Damage Caused by GEJE (cont’d)
Fire Truck Abandoned
Gas Tank Exploded
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
7
Comparison of Seismic Energy (Magnitude)
M5.8
Meiji Sanriku
Jogan
(1896)
(869) Keicho-Sanriku
Hanshin Awaji
(1611)
(1995)
6,400 casualties
Virginia,
USA
(2011)
GEJE (2011)
x 63,000
http://wcrnews.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/5-9-earthquake-rocks-virginia-d-c/
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
8
Impact of GEJE to TEPCO Facilities
Shutdown:
 Nuclear power: 7 units
 Thermal power: 12 units
 Hydro power: 25 units
 Substations: 8
Lost 40% of
power supply
capacity
52 GW
31 GW
Power outage:
 4 million households
 Rolling blackout for 10 days
Before
Shortly after
earthquake earthquake
Massive interruption of
infrastructure:
 Public transportation
 Telecommunication
 Food/water supply
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
Epicenter
9
TEPCO’s Nuclear Power Stations
Fukushima Daiichi (1F)
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (KK)
U-5,6,7
U-4
U-3
U-2
U-6
U-5
U-1
U-2
U-4U-3
U-1
Fukushima Daini (2F)
U-1
U-2
U-3
U-4
(source) JAIF
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
10
TEPCO Emergency Response Centers (ERC)
Tokyo H/Q
Fukushima Daiichi
Video
conference
among multiple
ERCs played
instrumental role
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
11
Impact of Earthquake/Tsunami at 1F
After the Earthquake (near design-basis):
Loss of all off-site power
Plant responded as designed (automatic shutdown of operating
units/startup of emergency diesel generators)
After the Tsunami (beyond design-basis):
Station Black Out (SBO) for 5 out of 6 units
Loss of almost all safety system, instrumentation, lighting, etc.
Unit
Unit
6
5
Unit
1
Unit
Unit
Unit
2
3
4
Radwaste
Processing
building
Seismically Isolated Bldg. (ERC)
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
（C)GeoEye 12
Tsunami Observed at 1F
1
2
Breakwater
(height: 10m)
3
4
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
13
Tsunami Observed at 1F (cont’d)
重油タンク
Tank (height:5.5m)
Ground Level (10m above sea)
撮影日 ：2011/3/11 15:42
撮影日：2011/3/11 15:42
撮影日：2011/3/11 15:43
Tank Fully Submerged
Car Stuck in the Building
撮影日：2011/3/11 15:43
撮影日：2011/3/11 15:43
撮影日：2011/3/11 15:44
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
14
Accident Response at 1F: In the Field
Roads damaged by earthquake
Continual aftershocks,
tsunami alerts, open
manholes, etc.
exacerbated the situation.
Roads blocked by tsunami debris
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
15
Accident Response at 1F: In the Main Control Room
Checked
instrumentation in nearcomplete darkness.
Supervised
operation wearing
full-face mask.
Brought in heavy
batteries to restore
instrumentations.
Lack of:
instrumentation, communication
means, lighting, food, water, sleep, ...
Increase in:
radiation level, fatigue, fear, despair, ...
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
16
Accident Response at 1F: Containment Venting (Unit 1)
MO
210
MO
Remote operation
unavailable due
to SBO.
Rupture
ラプチャーディスク
disc
Exhaust
stack
排気筒
0.549MPabsで破壊
AO
AO
83
閉
AO
閉
AO
1
Venting
D/W最高使用圧力 required to
0.528MPabs
avoid
catastrophic
ベント実施圧力
failure.
0.954MPabs
IA
電磁弁
AO
90
AO 閉
ボ
ン
ベ
RPV
D/W
IA
ボ
ン
ベ
AO
AO
72 閉
AO
MO
213
電磁弁
Six men formed 3 “last-resort teams” to manually
open 2 valves in highly-radioactive area.
Core damage already progressing by this time
(3/12 9:04-9:30).
One operator exceeded 100 mSv (10 rem).
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
17
Accident Response at 1F: Water Injection by Fire Trucks
Fire trucks played critical role in
injecting water into reactors.
Fire brigade operated fire trucks
amidst high radiation/successive
explosions.
Fire
Cistern
inoperable
Fire
Cistern
Fire
Cistern
Valve Pit
Valve Pit
Valve Pit
Valve Pit
standby
Fire
Cistern
Fire
Cistern
Status as of 3/14/2011
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
Shallow
Draft Quay
Sea
18
Overview of the 10-Unit Simultaneous Accidents
1F
Date
1
2
3
2F
4
5
6
1
2
3/11 15:27 1st Tsunami, 15:35 2nd Tsunami
Station Blackout
3/11
3/12
Water Injection: NO
Heat Removal: NO
3/12 8:13
D/G-6B
3
4
3/11 15:22~ Tsunamis
Water Injection: YES
Heat Removal: NO
3/12 15:36 Unit 1 Explosion
3/12 12:15
Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink
3/13
3/14 1:24
RHR
3/14 7:13
RHR
3/14 15:42
RHR
3/14 11:01 Unit 3 Explosion
3/14
3/14 17:00
3/14 18:00
3/15 6:00-6:10 Unit 4 Explosion
3/15 7:15
3/15
3/1619
3/20
3/19 5:00
RHR
3/20 15:46
P/C-2C
3/20 15:46
P/C-2C
3/22 10:36
P/C-4D
3/22 10:35
P/C-4D
3/20 14:30
3/19 22:14
RHR
3/20 14:30
Water Injection: YES
Heat Removal: YES
Cold Shutdown
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
19
Hundreds of Aftershocks Greater than M 5.0
450
160
140
120
400
Daily
Cumulative
350
300
100
250
80
200
60
cf. Earthquake in Virginia
on Aug. 23, 2011: M 5.8
150
40
100
20
50
0
0
(Source) Japan Meteorological Agency
3/
11
3/
12
3/
13
3/
14
3/
15
3/
16
3/
17
3/
18
3/
19
3/
20
3/
21
3/
22
3/
23
3/
24
3/
25
Daily Number of Aftershocks
180
500
Cumulative Number of Aftershocks
200
On March 11th alone
179 times > M 5.0
38 times > M6.0
3 times > M7.0
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
20
Voices from the Field
“In an attempt to check the status of Unit 4
D/G, I was trapped inside the security gate
compartment. Soon the tsunami came and I
was minutes away from being drowned,
when my colleague smash opened the
window and saved my life.”
“In total darkness, I could hear the unearthly
sound of SRV dumping steam into the torus.
I stepped on the torus to open the S/C spray
valve, and my rubber boot melted.”
“Unit 3 could explode anytime soon, but it
was my turn to go to the main control room.
I called my dad and asked him to take good
care of my wife and kids should I die.”
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
Torus Room
Unit 1 Main
Control Room
21
Voices from the Field (cont’d)
“At that time, I was conjuring up
faces of fellow colleagues who would
die with me.”
(Masao Yoshida, Site Superintendent)
“I was determined to stay behind to my
death; however I was resolved to send
my men back home alive.”
(Ikuo Izawa, Shift Manager)
“Let me go and vent the containment.
I know where the valve is and I can
run fast. Let me protect the unit that I
love.”
(Kazuhiro Yoshida, Deputy Shift Manager)
“The Man Who Saw
The Brink of Death”
“Book reveals human drama in
Fukushima No. 1 crisis”
The Japan Times 12/11/2012
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/11/national/bookreveals-human-drama-in-fukushima-no-1-crisis/
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
22
Current Status of 1F
Live Camera Image
(as of 3/10/2013)
http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/f1-np/camera/index-e.html
 All reactors stably cooled by circulating water system
 Radioactivity release significantly reduced
 Preparation ongoing for removal of fuels from spent fuel pools
 Progress being made in investigating inside containment vessels
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
23
Current Status of 1F: Off-site Radiation Dose and Evacuation Zones
Aerial Radiation Dose Map
Measured
Value
(μSv/h at 1 m above ground; as of Dec. 2012)
30km
20km
10km
Evacuation Zones
(from April 2013)
1 μSv/h = 8.76 mSv/y
2.3 μSv/h = 20 mSv/y
1F
:Evacuation Release Prepared Area
:Residence Restricted Area
1F
:Return Difficulty Area
:Restricted Area
:Deliberate Evacuation Area
http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/20130307_shiryo1-1.pdf
http://ramap.jaea.go.jp/map/map.html
 Evacuation zones to be relaxed for
areas below 20 mSv/y
 Int’l consensus on health impact of
low-dose radiation urgently needed
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
24
Safety Enhancement Measures at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS
D/G trucks (500kVA): 23
GTG trucks (4500kVA): 2
Fire trucks: 8
(15 m above sea)
After
Height: 10 m
Current
Width: 15 m
Length: 1.5 km
Seawall
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
Water-tight doors
25
TEPCO Board of Directors
Reforming TEPCO’s Nuclear Operation
Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee
Supervision
Dr. Dale Klein, Chairman
(Former Chairman, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
Lady Barbara Judge, Deputy Chairman
Request
(Former Chairman, U.K. Atomic Energy Authority)
Dr. Kenichi Ohmae, Member
(CEO, Business Breakthrough, Inc.)
Proposal
Mr. Masafumi Sakurai, Member
(Former Superintendent Public Prosecutor)
Mr. Kazuhiko Shimokobe, Member
(Chairman, TEPCO)
Mr. Kazuhiro Suzuki, Secretary-General
(CEO, Nuclear Fuel Transport Co.)
Observation
Reporting
Reference
Reporting
Observation / Supervision
TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task force
Execution
Mr. Naomi Hirose (President)
Mr. Zengo Aizawa (Chief Nuclear Officer)
Mr. Takafumi Anegawa (General Manager, Nuclear Asset Management Dept.)
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
26
My Post-Accident Activities in the U.S.
Nuclear Industry
Global
Organizations
Academia
Gov’t Agencies
Professional Organizations,
Think Tanks, NPOs
Committed to disseminating lessons learned globally and
working together to make nuclear power plants safer.
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
27
References
[Japan]
[USA]
 Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)
 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
(INPO)
http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/index-e.html
 Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee of
TEPCO
http://www.nei.org/filefolder/INPO_11-005_Fukushima_Addendum_1.pdf
 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
http://www.epri.com/Pages/Default.aspx
http://www.nrmc.jp/en/index-e.html
 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
(METI)
http://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/
 Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)
 Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI)
http://safetyfirst.nei.org/japan/
 National Academy of Science—
Fukushima Lessons Learned Committee
http://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/projectview.aspx?key=49465
http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/
 Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF)
http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/
 Japan Nuclear Safety Institute (JANSI)
http://www.genanshin.jp/english/index.html
[International]
 International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA)
http://www.iaea.org/
 World Association of Nuclear Operators
(WANO)
http://www.wano.info/
 World Health Organization (WHO)
http://www.who.int/entity/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/fukushima_rep
ort/en/index.html
All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
28