Sensing Approaches under discussion in ECC
CEPT Workshop on how Measurement of Spectrum Occupancy can help Spectrum Management?
Mainz, 15 January 2014
Content
•
TV WSD (White Space Devices) – Activities in the ECC
•
Other ideas with regard to geo-location database usage
•
Cognitive PMSE
•
Tendencies for SRD applications’ use of mitigation techniques
•
5 GHz considerations with regard to mitigation techniques
•
Licensed Shared Access (LSA)
•
Sharing principles for applications under general authorisations
•
Broadband Applications – Bundling of applications under the same technical framework
•
What does it mean regarding spectrum occupancy measurements (SOM) / monitoring –
how can this help?
TV WSD (White Space Devices) – Activities in the ECC
What we have in CEPT:
•
•
•
•
ECC Report 159: Technical and operational requirements for the possible operation of
cognitive radio systems in the ‘white spaces’ of the frequency band 470-790 MHz
ECC Reports 185 “Further definition of technical and operational requirements for the
operation of white space devices in the band 470-790 MHz”
ECC Report 186 “Technical and operational requirements for the operation of white space
devices under geo-location approach”.
WGFM: A summary and analysis of the answers to the questionnaire on PMSE protection
in case of introduction of WSD in the 470-790 MHz band.
In progress:
•
•
•
WGFM PT FM53 work item for creation of a new ECC Report for TV-WSD (White Space
Devices) using geo-location. The aim is to describe the overall regulatory framework for
TV WSD using geo-location databases and guidance for national implementation.
Delivery of this new ECC Report not before end of 2014. Lack of contributions so far.
Only afterwards, possible creation of a harmonisation measure (e.g. ECC
Recommendation). ECC never received a request (SRdoc) from ETSI on TVWSD.
Who uses all or part of the 470-862 MHz range for PMSE?
• 26 countries out of 27 questionnaire responders use for PMSE and will
continue using it:
• 10 provide individual licenses;
• 7 provide general authorisations;
• 9 both.
• 13 countries consider changes for PMSE authorisarions
• Do you envisage the introduction of white space devices in the 470-790 MHz
band?
PMSE includes inter-alia Microphones and in-ear monitor systems (PWMS), Stage direction radio technology (Wireless
Intercom), Cameras (equipped with the necessary audio and video receiver and transmitter), Effects and remote control
technology, Conference systems, Transmission systems for translated conference contents, (Tour-) Guide systems
Is there a need for a specific mechanism?
• 13 countries said YES (ONLY 50% of all answers)
• Safe harbour/ geolocation most mentioned, also as combination.
• Safe harbour seen as simple and providing higher protection for PMSE,
however also as inefficient and freezing spectrum;
• DBs are more efficient than manual licensing / coordination but only 7
countries think there is sufficent information available;
• Safe harbours: 5 regional, local and 4 nationwide
Industry Side
• Do you envisage requesting your Administration or CEPT the
introduction of white space devices in the 470-790 MHz band?
• Only one respondent (out of 14) answered with YES (answers
received mainly from Broadcasting and PMSE community);
• Comparison: at the same time, ECC has received requests in a
total of 6 (!) ETSI System Reference Documents for future
spectrum on a variety of application in the UHF band for other
frequency bands (SRD, Automotive, Smart Metering, Smart
Grids, RFID, Alarms, Home Automation etc);
• No trust in future TV WS solution yet. FCC: incentive auctions
Industry and User Responses – Which mechanisms? (I)
• Do you consider specific mechanisms are necessary?
• 13 answers: the online registration/ database and the safe harbour concept for
PMSE were indicated the most and as a preference;
• Except for one answer, cognitive solutions are seen critical if not unfeasible or
not mature enough. 3 answers indicated that a database concept might be
beneficial for large events -> this is also an ACCEPTANCE PROBLEM;
• While some indicate that all categories of PMSE should be registered, 2 indicate
to differentiate between spontaneous and predictable usage, 2 others indicate
that registration is only needed under certain circumstances (e.g. large events).
One answer said it was not possible if applications are license exempt. One
answer recommended that this needed to be defined together with the user
groups.
• Note: Japan introducing a geolocation concept with full registration/coordination
Industry and User Responses – Which mechanisms? (II)
• Safe harbours for PMSE: the answers vary: starting from 32 or 60 audio channels to
2, 3, 2-4, 4-5, 4-6, 2*3 or even 10 TV channels. Some indicated that the number of
channels is unknown (4) or there would be no place for such channels (1). Need for
harmonisation: 2 indicated local needs, whereas most indicated nationwide/ preferably
nationwide channels, 4 indicated the preference for harmonisation on European level.
• Cognitive, beacons: The 10 answers provided indicate that although the potential of
beacons or cognitive approaches is recognised, the techniques are not considered
mature enough, efficient enough or to solve all problems.
Cognitive PMSE (C-PMSE)
New draft ECC Report 204: Spectrum Use and Future
Requirements for PMSE (in public consultation)
•
Initial research activities on cognitive PMSE systems have been initiated in ETSI STF 386
and in a German research project funded by BMWI (German Federal Ministry of
Economics and Technology) called C-PMSE.
•
Great Potential:
• Features several in-operation audio PMSE links can be transferred to less impaired
spectrum when necessary – w/o noticeable interruptions
• Can lead to more robust and more efficient use of spectrum, especially in UHF
bands, including duplex band operations
• It’s cognitive because the used frequencies are ”monitored” constantly / service
quality checked all the time. Existing audio PMSE systems check only before tyhe
event
• A reaction to the changes in the UHF terrestrial broadcast spectrum
• ETSI Technical Specifications as well as first demonstrator hardware available
• It’s monitored in the ECO Research Activities w.r.t impact on work in the ECC
Other ideas with regard to geo-location database usage
•
FM PT44 (satellite services) received a presentation on the CoRaSat project, which looks
at different sharing scenarios between satellites and other terrestrial services (mostly
Fixed Service) or other satellite applications, using cognitive and database methods. ETSI
TC SES is creating an ETSI SRdoc (avail. expected mid 2014). FM PT44 will deal with
this. E.g. improved FSS Reception at locations “outside” FS
•
Existing work items in WGFM/SRDMG and WGSE/SE24: Some fixed installed
Applications such as Assistive Listening Devices in the VHF band (174-216 MHz) or in
other spectrum (e.g. for telecoil replacement systems) are discussing geolocation
approaches.
•
However: geolocation is only one of the options for sharing under discussion, other
options such as Sensing BT/frequency agility or bundling applications in spectrum which
are unlikely to be operated at the same location may be more efficient (examples: ALDs
and RFID reader channels in the 915-921 MHz, uncoordinated FSS in FS duplex gaps)
and involve less burden in terms of technical complexity or for the administrations.
Tendencies for SRD applications’ use of mitigation
techniques
Example: New band plan 870-876 MHz (from draft ECC Report 189; currently in
public consultation – work triggered by 5 ETSI Srdocs – a 6th Srdoc is in
500 mW (with APC), ≤200 kHz Up to 2.5% DC Metropolitan/Rural Area Networks.
preparation)
Up to 10% DC for Network Relay Points (Subject to notification, see Appendix
4)(ERC Rec 70-03 Annex 2)
500 mW (with APC), ≤500 kHz, 0.1 % DC TTT Vehicle to Vehicle only (ERC Rec 70-03 Annex 5)
100 mW (with APC) 0.1% DC TTT in vehicle only (ERC Rec 70-03 Annex 5)
25mW 1% DC ≤600 kHz (ERC Rec 70-03 Annex 1)
25mW 0.1% DC ≤200 kHz (ERC Rec 70-03 Annex 1)
ER-
RD
870
MHz
7 - 76
875.6
MHz
Hz
875.8
MHz
R-
876
MHZ
Also: ECC Report 182 (Survey about the use of the frequency band 863-870 MHz)
Duty Cycle Mitigation is very dominant – Sensing not part of it !
5 GHz considerations with regard to mitigation techniques
•
•
•
The draft ECC Report 192 on the current status of DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) in
the 5 GHz frequency range was in public consultation. Severe interference into weather
radars (> 200 reported cases in 2012) in a considerable number of European countries
caused by outdoor LS-links links using WAS/RLAN equipment.
Reasons: mainly intentional illegal use or non-compliant equipment. There is some
motivation to switch off the DFS! Mitigation must fit to the application/intention (Bad
examples: UHF RFID with LBT, Direct-Air-to-Ground with DAA to protect BFWA)
Recent studies on WIA in SRD/MG and PT SE24 (Wireless Industrial Applications with
higher emission levels up to 400 mW in 5725-5875 MHz:
5725-5875 MHz
≤ 400 mW e.i.r.p.
APC required
Adequate spectrum
sharing mechanisms (e.g.
DFS and DAA) shall be
implemented by the
equipment .
•
Modulation
bandwidth ≥ 1 MHz
and ≤ 20 MHz
Wireless Industrial
Automation (WIA)
Networks
The Adaptive Power
Control has a range of at
least 12 dB (dynamic
range between 400 mW
and 25 mW)
DFS (protection of radiolocation), DAA (protection of BFWA, ITS, road tolling) – ALWAYS , APC based on potential outdoor use (indoor use is not the problem).
Licensed Shared Access (LSA)
The draft ECC Report 205 on Licensed Shared Access has been approval for public
consultation – it includes some refinements of the LSA concept as set out in the respective
draft RSPG opinion.
Scope:
LSA is a complementary spectrum management tool that fits under an “individual licensing
regime”.
LSA aim to facilitate the introduction in a frequency band of new users, which require a
certain level of guarantee in terms of spectrum access, while maintaining incumbent
services in the band.
LSA licensees and incumbents operate different applications and are subject to different
regulatory constraints. They would each have exclusive individual access to a portion of
spectrum at a given location and time.
LSA (II)
The first practical use case of LSA will be to provide access to additional spectrum for
mobile broadband services (MFCN) in 2.3-2.4 GHz.
•
The implementation of LSA relies on the concept of a “sharing framework” that is
under the responsibility of Administration/NRA. Its development requires the
involvement of all relevant stakeholders.
•
The “sharing framework” can be understood as a set of sharing rules or sharing
conditions that will materialise the change in the spectrum rights of the incumbent(s)
and define the spectrum, with corresponding technical and operational conditions, that
can be made available for alternative usage under LSA.
•
The practical implementation of LSA as a complementary solution for mobile
network operators for accessing spectrum for MFCN in specific bands, within
specified geographical or technical limits and on the requirements to be included in
CEPT “harmonisation measure”. The first harmonisation measure developed by CEPT
that includes the possibility for implementation of LSA is for the introduction of MFCN
in 2.3-2.4 GHz band. It can include geolocation !
Sharing principles for applications under general
authorisations
The SRD strategy and sharing principles are set out in CEPT Reports 14 and 44.
Equal access to spectrum (and incumbents should not enjoy “seniority”)
Technology- neutrality
Application- neutrality (as much as possible)
Investigate existing SRD spectrum and existing SRD categories first before
considering new spectrum
5. Avoid fragmentation of the spectrum, search for more efficient sharing solutions
6. Foster innovation (broad SRD regulation is more open to new ideas than specific
regulations)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examples:
1. New band plans 870-876, 915-921 MHz are more horizontal than vertical (e.g. 863-870
MHz)
2. Medical Applications: LP-AMI, MBANS, Cochlear in 2483.5-2500 MHz are foreseen to
share on equal basis and using spectrum access mechanism such as LBT with frequency
agility)
Band Plan 915-921 MHz
Note:
RFID/ALD sharing
Safe harbours
Flat SRD regulation
RFID DAA for EGSM-R
200 kHz of
low DC
RFID tag
return
RF
ID
@
4
W
SR
D
10
0
m
W
1
%
RFID tag
return
RF
ID
@
4
W
SR
D
10
0
m
W
1
%
RFID tag
return
RF
ID
@
4
W
SR
D
10
0
m
W
1
%
RF
ID
@
4
W
SR
D
10
0
m
W
1
%
RFID tag
return
RFID tag
return
200 kHz
Low DC
25 mW 1% DC Per 600 kHz channel. Channel bandwidth ≤ 600 kHz
25 mW 0.1% DC Per 200 kHz channel. Channel bandwidth ≤ 200 kHz
ER-
(ba e tation
1 - 21 Hz
918.5 918.9
MHz MHz
919.7
MHz
mobile
915 915.3
MHz MHz
916.1 916.5
MHz MHz
917.3 917.7
MHz MHz
920.1
MHz
R-
920.9
MHz
921
MHZ
SRDs: What you often have to measure..
(data comes from surveys, not from measurements)
Techniques
60
Max Cumulated TxON time
Max equivalent DC
over 1 second [in seconds]
with current definition
(per 1 h)
Application
50
40
Automotive
100ms
remote keyless entry
0.15
0.002%
convertible roof
1
0.139%
TPMS
0.03
0.001%
ITS CAM
0.015
0.125%
Home & building control
10ms
Mains powered devices
0.025
0.003%
0.2
0.005%
0.6
0.007%
1
0.012%
Repeaters
0.025
0.001%
Smoke detectors
1
0.00139%
20
Low cost point to point devices
1
0.012%
15
Telemetry, telecomand
350ms to 1s
30
20
10
0
FHSS
DSSS
LBT + AFA
Bandwidth
30
25
LBT
Duty Cycle
Other
Battery powered devices
1
10
5
0
1.620%
Metering
25ms to 1s
without in home display
0.025
0.000029%
with in home display
0.025
0.003%
Repeaters
0.025
0.001%
EN13753 Mode R2
1
0.023%
Alarms
25ms to 1s
Intrusion alarm
0.025
0.001%
Social alarm
0.15
0.001%
Battery power devices
1
0.028%
Imaging
1
0.007%
Referee voice system
0.1
0.417%
Broadband Applications – Bundling of
applications under the same technical framework
Example: 2 GHz Unpaired Bands: as a result of the synergies between PMSE and
PPDR, as well as between DECT and SRD, the shortlist indicated in the EC Mandate,
composed of five potential harmonised uses of the 1900-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz
frequency bands (DA2GC, PMSE, PPDR, DECT and SRD), is considered to be
adequately studied by using 3 usage blocks.
BB-Direct air to ground
communications
Video links and cordless
cameras
Applications under general
authorisation
PMSE
DECT
PPDR
SRD
DA2GC
Video PMSE / ad-hoc PPDR: coordinated applications – QoS requirements quite high – advanced
coordination is already difficult. Advanced monitoring in the ”unplanned event” case not possible.
BB-Applications in general: we need to bundle, otherwise we run out of frequencies !
DECT/SRD: DECT proponents already recognised need for technology-neutral regulation. SRD again
may use low duty cycle mitigation. DECT uses DCS. No motivation for further mitigation mechanism
developments.
How research projects can feed the existing
processes
Almost all examples in this presentation used the ETSI- ECC coordination mechanisms
(many SRD ETSI system reference documents, also LSA, TC SES, DECT aso.)
Relevant principles are already in place in ETSI when preparing a new ETSI
System Reference Document for the designation of spectrum for new demand.
The SRdoc has to include the necessary justifications (e.g. information, why the
application cannot fit into existing regulation or needs dedicated spectrum,,
sharing possibilities) and undergoes a consultation process throughout the
complete ETSI membership that gives often also existing spectrum users the
possibility to include their view in the document. CEPT is subsequently provided
with a consolidated ETSI view and not single interests.
See: http://www.cept.org/ecc/who-we-are/ecc-and-etsi
Another possibility is to approach ECC Project Teams and Working Groups and
provide a presentation about your project.
It can also be linked to the ECO Research activity (so we monitor w.r.t. impact/link
on work in the ECC!)
What does it mean regarding spectrum occupancy
measurements (SOM) / monitoring – how can this help?
•
All sharing situations are pretty specific – including all the technical parameters – a general SOM
approach cannot help. Customisation is needed.
•
In most situations, it will be nearly impossible to measure the real occupancy of the spectrum due
to the incumbent service/application characteristics (e.g. antenna characteristics, low duty cycle,
low emissions, temporary etc) – The fixed SOM approach is not possible in almost all UHF
situations.
•
There are often severe acceptance problems (“interpretation of data”) regarding cognitive sensing
approaches and the same is valid for spectrum occupancy measurements with regard to related
spectrum management questions
•
Very often, alternative mitigations without sensing may be more effective / less complex
•
Change of spectrum occupancy can create severe problems (pre-emption not tolerated, spectrum
access must be predictable to a certain extent) – the application expectations do often not fit to a
spectrum management based on sensing/ SOM
•
Complimentary information (i.e. availability and completeness) from SOM is not sufficient to
design for improved co-existence. Sharing concepts would rather “jump” from low complexity to
real co-existence standards.
Thank you for you attention
Questions??
Thomas.Weber@eco.cept.org
www.cept.org/eco
www.cept.org/ecc