Comenius LLP Multilateral Partnerships
International Project Meeting
10-17 October 2011
Milas, Turkey
The Beginnings of the
Educational System in Hungary
The Beginnings of the
Hungarian Institutional
Education
Saint Stephen I (969-1038)
The first king of Hungary who was
crowned in 1000 got wise to the fact
that the adoption of Christianity is prime
necessity for the Hungarian Kingdom.
Stephen’s father Géza, the Grand Prince
of Hungarians, called Benedictine monks
in the country.
King I. Saint Stephen founded
several monasteries for the Benedicts
after he had invited more monks
from Bohemia and Poland.
One of the monks was Saint Gellért who
organised a cathedral school to teach the
children of the poor not only the rich.
The more talented ones got basic knowledge
and religious education, and also were taught
Latin grammar, Dictamen and Komputus.
They could become archbishops as well.
Throughout the 12th-14th centuries St. Stephen was the idol in the eye of the youth.
Esztergom Cathedral
Kalocsa
Archbishopship
Medieval genre of University of Pécs and Óbuda
The Renaissance Education in Hungary
In the
15th century
the Court of
King Matthias
(1443 Kolozsvár –
1490 Vienna)
was
the centre of
humanistic
education.
The Humanistic education
of the literatus
Grammar
Latin
Diktamen
composition writing in Latin
speech, argumentation, law,
versification, music
Komputus
astrology, geometry, physics,
mechanics, alchemy,
making of calendars,
casting of horoscopes,
rules of a healthy lifestyle
Janus Pannonius
(1434 Csezmice – 1472 Medvevár)
Schooling in Hungary after Mohács in the mid 16th century
Reformation was spreading
quickly and at first encountered
no opposition from the
Catholics.
Luther's teachings were
welcomed by the Germanspeaking citizens in the free
royal cities (libera regiae
civitas).
Calvin and his principles were
accepted in the country towns
(oppidum).
Lutherans (Evangelist) and
the Calvinists (Reformed) were
organized into churches and took
their places beside the renewing
Catholic Church in the feudal order
of society.
In the 1570’s the initial revolutionary
impetus broke in Hungary, too.
Protestant schools
- city and borough schools came under the jurisdiction of the Protestants
- the Protestant educational leaders were taught
- main objective :to teach religion, intense piety (pietas)
- three main languages: Latin, Greek and Hebrew and Humanistic culture
The first Hungarian prime book was
printed in Gáspár Heltai’s printing
house in Kolozsvár in 1553.
Johannes Amos Comenius
(1592-1670)
Zsuzsanna Lórántffy
(1602-1660)
Sárospatak Reformed Church School
Students from Debrecen at the end of the 17th century
János Apáczai Csere (1625-1659)
- His main work: ‘Hungarian Encyclopedia‘
- language renewer
Transylvanian protestant schools in the 17th century
Bethlen Gábor (1580-1629)
- the reigning prince of Transylvania
between 1613-1629
- Golden Age of Transylvania
- Latin school in Gyulafehérvár was set up
- a boarding school with an Academic
Faculty was built up
- sponsored students and members of
the Academy were sent to study abroad
- the youth were educated in institutions
- landlords who did not allow the education
of their serfs‘ children were punished
- foundations were established
- libraries were set up
- scientists were invited
Transylvanian village cantor teacher
from the 17th century
Jesuit Schools in Transylvania
From the mid 1550’ Catholic schools
were available for children on weekdays
and also on Sundays.
The Catholic Church was given help
from the Jesuits in organising secondary
and higher education.
István Báthory noble Prince of
Transylvania established schools. Focus
was on „studia humanities”.
István Báthory (1533-1585) Prince Of Transylvania
Miklós Oláh, the Archbishop of
Esztergom, founded the
Nagyszombat church school in 1556.
In the school curriculum the works
of ancient classical authors were
included in such a great number that
had never been done before.
In 1561 the archbishop founded the
University Library.
First Greek-Latin authors’ works,
later comprehensive sciences of
history, geography, law, natural
sciences, medicine and mathematics.
Péter Pázmány (1570-1637)
the Innovator of
Catholic Education
Pázmány Péter, the Archbishop of
Esztergom and a Jesuit monk.
His archsee was in Nagyszombat.
- 1624 Pázmáneum opened in Vienna
- 1635 the Jesuit University opened in
Nagyszombat
- 1667 the faculty of law started, then
during the reign of Maria Theresa, the
faculty of medicine
A welcoming letter of the first rectors
of the new Nagyszombat University.
(1637)
The Nagyszombat University moved to Buda in 1777 after the Jesuit
Order had been dissolved, then in 1784 it moved to Pest and has been
standing here since then. In 1950 it was named Eötvös Lóránd
University of Science.
Schooling in the Enlightened Absolutism
Maria Theresa's and her son Josef II's
aim: centralisation of the country in
- politics
- economy
- industry
- public health
- education
In 1770 Maria Theresa reformed
education.
In 1773 she dissolved the Jesuit
denomination and established an
education fund from its property for
primary and secondary and higher
education.
Empress Maria Theresa (1717-1780)
József Ürményi (1741-1825)
the creator of Ratio Educationis
Hungarian course books from 1780-81
Education under the reign of
Joseph II Habsburg (1741-1790)
- German became the official language
of the Parliament
- subjects were taught in German in
secondary schools
- course books were published in
German and Hungarian in public
schools
- fee in grammar schools, academies and
universities
- serfs could go on studying only with
excellent marks
Emperor Leopold II
(1741-1790)
In 1790 Leopold II codified protestant
freedom of religion and educational
autonomy in the 1790/91 Parliament.
Acknowledged the Catholic Church as
dominant besides the Evangelist and
Reformed Churches.
Education of the Hungarian language
was enacted for those who could not
speak Hungarian. Latin was unchanged.
Elementary school from the mid 18th century
The curriculum of the Debrecen primary schools from 1770
Ratio Educationis II
- Compulsory only for the Catholic schools
- Patience among nations and religions
- Primary education is free
Published in 1806
- Each nation has schools in their mother tongue
- 3 lower classes of the Latin school became 4
- German language is optional
- Official language of education is Latin but Hungarian has a significant role
- Ordained syllabus of Lycees and Academies
- Lycees are 2-year institutions giving training on philosophy
- Academies are 3-year institutions proposing law
- The Ratio II is amended the fisrt one, simplified the diversity of subjects
Schooling in The Era of Absolutism (1849-1867)
Public education
- governmental regulation (1849)
- compulsory education between 6-12
- emphasis on religious education
Secondary education
- 'Organisationsentwurf' (1850)
- only qualified teachers could to teach
Higher education
- compulsory and optional subjects disappeared
- students could take up subjects in random order
- Hungarian language is the language of education from 1860
(governmental regulation)
Evangelist teacher training college in Sopron
(1858)
Reformed College in Debrecen (1856)
The new bulding of the Pápa Reformed College (1858)
The 16th-17th century building of the Sárospatak Reformed School
(Drawing was made in the mid-19th c.)
Village school. When the teacher is away….
(Funny picture from 1861)
Baron József Eötvös
(1813-1871)
From 1867 Baron József Eötvös’s second
term as Minister of Culture and
Education. (The first one was in 1848.)
- Total reform
- 1868 the first Hungarian Public
Education Act
- Compulsory elementary education
from 6-12 (free education, no fee)
- Elementary school with 6 classes
(one teacher in villages)
- Every child is taught on mother tongue
- Upper public school based on
elementary with 6 classes
- Civil schools in bigger villages
(6 classes for boys, 4 classes for girls)
Compiled, translated and created by
Andrea Szobotin
and
Zsuzsanna Pataki Szvobodáné
Vásárhelyi Pál Secondary Trade School
Source:
Pukánszky Béla – Németh András:
Neveléstörténet
http://magyar-irodalom.elte.hu/nevelestortenet/
http://wikipedia.org
Budapest
MMXI