Two-Generation Programs
in the 21st Century
P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale
Frances Willard Professor of Human Development and Social Policy
Faculty Fellow, Institute for Policy Research
Associate Provost for Faculty
Northwestern University
Helping Parents, Helping Children:
Exploring the Promise of Two-Generation Programs
Princeton, NJ
May 22, 2014
Acknowledgements: Collaborators
•
•
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
Columbia University
Teresa Eckrich Sommer & Terri J. Sabol
Northwestern University
•
•
•
Hirokazu Yoshikawa
New York University
Christopher King
University of Texas at Austin
Steven Dow & Monica Barczak
Community Action Project of Tulsa
Acknowledgements: Funders
• Administration for Children and Families,
Health & Human Services
• Ascend at the Aspen Institute
• W.K. Kellogg Foundation
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
• George Kaiser Family Foundation
Presentation Overview
 Education
Crisis in the U.S.
 Two-Generation
 Theory
 What
Programs 1.0 and 2.0
and Empirical Evidence
is Happening Nationally?
 Future
Directions
Education Crisis in the U.S.
Educational Requirements in the 21st Century

Education beyond high school is essential for
success in the global economy

U.S. labor market increasingly requires higher
levels of education and training

Disappearance of family-supporting,
low-skilled jobs
Parents’ Education among LowIncome Children Under Age 3, 2010
67% of low income
children have parents
with a high school
degree or less
Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 3. National Center for Children in
Poverty, Columbia University
Family Income Quintile
Socioeconomic Disparities in U.S.
Postsecondary Degree Completion
Graph from Isaacs et al., 2008; Brookings tabulation of PSID data from 2005
Student Parents

27% of all undergraduates are student parents
Percent of students
Delayed Enrollment and Part-time Attendance among
Student Parents vs. Non-Parent Students
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
68%
64%
48%
Delayed Enrollment
Student Parents
48%
Attending school part time
Non-Parent Students
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates.
Children Under Age 6 Living in
Low-Income Families, 1997-2010
50
48
% of Children Under Age 6
48
46
44.9
44
42.9
40.9
42
40
38
36
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 6. National Center for Children in Poverty,
Columbia University
Two-Generation Programs
 Unifying
form: Target parents and
their children simultaneously
 Variation
 Idea
in structure and content
is not new
Two-Generation Programs:
LCL and JBG Definition
Simultaneously connect and integrate
high quality and intensive
human capital investments
Workforce
Development
Early Childhood
Education
Two-Generation Programs 2.0
2.0 Programs
1.0 Programs
Child & Parent
Child
Parent
• Early childhood
education
centers
• AA and BA
degrees
• Pre-K to 3rd grade
programs
• Job training
• Certification
• Early childhood
education centers
• Pre-K to 3rd grade
programs
• AA and BA degrees
• Certification
• Job training
Chase-Lansdale, P.L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2014). Two-Generation Programs in
the Twenty-First Century. Future of Children.
Research Hypothesis
Two generation programs will
have a greater impact on
children than early childhood
education alone
Two-Generation Programs:
Research and Practice in 2014
 Empirical
evidence lags behind practice
and policy
 Theoretical
evidence is compelling
Why Would Two-Generation
Programs Be Effective?
 Continuity
and Change Theory
 Ecological
Theory
 Risk
and Resilience Theory
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
•
Improved cognitive and social
development
•
Higher attendance
Early Childhood
Centers
•
Readiness for kindergarten
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
•
Family Support
Services
•
Motivation to pursue education and
careers
•
Defined education and career goals
PSE/Workforce
Development
•
Higher rates of adult basic education
•
Community
Colleges
•
Higher rates of education and career
training enrollment
•
Job Training
Programs
•
Employers
Child
Parent
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 0- 2 years
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
Early Childhood
Centers
•
Child
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
Family Support
Services
PSE/Workforce
Development
Parent
•
Higher motivation and engagement in
school
•
Academic success in elementary
school
•
Social competence
• Higher rates of persistence in
education and job training
• Improved job training skills and career
development
•
Community
Colleges
• Higher rates of employment
•
Job Training
Programs
• Higher wage growth
•
Employers
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 2-5 years
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
Early Childhood
Centers
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
•
Family Support
Services
Child
PSE/Workforce
Development
Parent
•
Community
Colleges
•
Job Training
Programs
•
Employers
•
Increased high school graduation
rates
•
Increased training and
postsecondary education attainment
•
High expectations and positive future
orientation
• Stable career
• Family supporting wage
• Greater life stability
• Better functioning family system
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 5+ years
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
Early Childhood
Centers
•
Child
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
Family Support
Services
• Understanding of relationship
between own education and that
of child
• Higher expectations for children and
growing investment in their
learning
PSE/Workforce
Development
• Improved parenting practices
•
Community
Colleges
• Increased physical and emotional
well being
•
Job Training
Programs
Parent
•
Employers
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 0- 5+ years
When Mothers Increase Their
Education,
Children’s Learning Improves
Dashed Lines reflect the time period during which mother's education increased
Magnuson,K. (2007).
What’s New?
Significant Advances in Programs
and Research
 Early
Childhood Education

Short and long-term outcomes

Evidence on quality and scale-up
National Spotlight on
Early Childhood Education
Sep 19, 2013
Jan. 30, 2014
Gail16,
Collins
Oct
2013
April 17, 2014
Feb 13, 2013
What’s New?
Significant Advances in Programs
and Research
 Postsecondary



Expanded Availability
Contextualized GED Training
Role of Coaches, Peers Supports
 Job

Education
Training
Workforce Intermediaries
National Spotlight on PostSecondary Education
On the Ground Programs 2.0

Adding adult programs to child programs

Adding child programs to adult programs

Adult and child programs merged within
existing organizations or agencies

Adult and child programs in residential
programs
Adding adult programs to child programs
Program
Platform
Services
CareerAdvance®
Head Start
• Stackable training at
community colleges
• Career coaches
• Incentives
• Peer supports
Community Action
Project of Tulsa, OK
(CAP Tulsa)
College Access
Head Start
and Success
Program (CAASP)
Educational
Alliance
•
•
•
•
College prep
ESL and GED courses
Mental health counseling
Financial supports
Adding child programs to adult programs
Program
Platform Services
Dual-Generation
and Green Jobs
Job
training
program
Los Angeles
Alliance for a New
Economy (LAANE)
• Employment training in
public utilities
• Online learning
• Peer supports
• Coaches
• Early childhood education
Adult and child programs merged within
existing organizations
Program
Platform
Services
Avance ParentChild Education
Program
ECE and
• Parenting classes
Elementary • Home visits
school
• ESL courses, GED prep, PSE
• Mentoring
The Annie E.
Casey Foundation
Atlanta
Partnership
ECE and
• Workforce development
Elementary • Subsidized housing
school
• Asset-building
Garrett County
Head Start • Financial literacy classes
Community Action
• Support for savings accounts
Committee
• Affordable rental units
Adult and child programs in
residential programs
Program
Platform
Services
The Keys to
Degrees Program
Residential • Housing in residential dorms
college
• College courses and mentoring
Endicott College
• Montessori programs
Housing
Housing
Opportunity and
authorities
Services Together
(HOST)
The Urban Institute
• Public or mixed-income housing
• Financial literacy and selfsufficiency training
• Youth support groups and after
school programs
Jeremiah Program Housing
• Housing
Minneapolis and St.
Paul, Minnesota
• Education and workforce training
• Partnerships with employers
• Peer meetings
Two-Generation Programs 2.0:
Considerations
 Programs
for fathers and mothers
 Equivalent
program quality and intensity
for each generation
 Increase
integration of parent and child
programming
 Positive
outcomes may take many years
Two-Generation Programs 2.0:
Conclusions
 Very
early stages
 Hold
promise for advancing the human
capital of low-income parents and
children
 Time
is ripe for innovation,
experimentation, and evaluation
Early Childhood Education and Child
Outcomes
1.2
1.10
Effect Size
1
0.90
0.79
0.8
0.6
0.46
0.4
0.22
0.2
0
Perry Preschool
Abecedarian
Model Programs from
1960s and 1970s
OK Pre-k
Tennessee Pre-k Head Start Impact
Study
Prekindergarten
programs
Head Start
Model Programs from 1960s and 1970s
Short and long term effects of Perry Preschool
Preschool group
Control group
77%
67%
60%
60%
50%
49%
40%
30%
28%
15%
Ready for
Academic High school
Earned
Arrested 5+
school at age achievement graduate
$20k+ at 40 times at 40
5
at 14
Schwinhart, 2003