CALPADS Information Meeting
October 21, 2014
This presentation may be downloaded from:
https://csis.fcmat.org/Pages/October-21,-2014-CALPADSInformation-Meeting-(CIM).aspx
October 2014 CIM, Slide 1
Agenda
 Agenda Review
 Procedures for Asking Questions
 CALPADS Update
 CALPADS Support Update
 CALPADS Q & A
 Next Meeting
October 2014 CIM, Slide 2
Procedures for Asking Questions
 To ask a question:
 Click on the “Chat” in the upper right-hand section of your screen
to open the chat box.
 In the “Send to” dropdown, select “Presenter”
 Type your question in the chat box and press “Send”
 We will:
 Respond to questions during the meeting as time permits
 Send the report to all attendees if the question applies to the entire
group; otherwise, we’ll send a response to the person who asked
the question
 Address unanswered questions via individual responses, an
upcoming Flash, or in additions to FAQs
October 2014 CIM, Slide 3
CDE Update
Jessica Barr, Administrator
CALPADS/CBEDS/CDS Operations Office, CDE
October 2014 CIM, Slide 4
CDE Update
Topics
 2014–15 CALPADS Fall 1 and 2
 Future Functionality
 Local Control Funding Formula
 Foster Youth
 Assessment and Accountability Update
 Final Points
October 2014 CIM, Slide 5
2014–15 Data Collection Calendar
Census
Day
Fall 1
October
1
Fall 2
October
1
End of
Year
1-4
n/a
•
•
•
•
•
Primary
Data
Collection
Window
Certification
Deadline
Amendment
Window
Enrollment
Graduates/ Dropouts
Immigrants
English Learners
Free or Reduced Price
Meal (FRPM) Eligible
October 1
to
December 12
December 12
December 13
to
February 13
October 1
to
March 6
March 6
March 7
to
April 2
June 1
to
July 31
July 31
August 1
to
September 4
• Course Enrollment
• Teachers
• English Learner
Services
• Courses
• Grades
• Career Technical
Education
• Program Participation
• Discipline
• CAHSEE Waivers and
Exemptions
October 2014 CIM, Slide 6
CALPADS Fall 1
 LEAs that certify CALPADS Fall 1 by the
December 12 certification deadline will receive a
preview of:
• Unduplicated Pupil Count (UPC)
• Census day enrollment
 LEAs that fail to certify by the end of the
amendment window will have no official
enrollment counts
 High School districts that fail to certify will have no
official graduate or dropout counts and will fail
Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 7
CALPADS Fall 2
 Student course enrollment will be required for
ALL schools in 2015–16, including alternative
education schools and independent study
charter schools
 Change requests
October 2014 CIM, Slide 8
Highlights for 2014–15
 CALPADS data are critical to funding, accountability,
and assessment
 Unduplicated count of disadvantaged students for
LCFF
 Student demographic, enrollment, and program data
from Operational Data Store used to:
• Register students for the California Assessment of Student
Performance and Progress (CAASPP) assessments
• Provide data for reporting the California English Language
Development Test (CELDT) results
• Determine accountability subgroups
October 2014 CIM, Slide 9
Future Functionality
 2014–15
• Redesign Assessment functionality
• Restructure Assessment and Accountability
• Build new CAASPP reports
• Small changes to discipline collection in order to use
CALPADS Special Education discipline data for federal
reporting instead of CASEMIS
• Cohort Report
 2015–16
• Snapshot Redesign
• Create View Only module in CALPADS
October 2014 CIM, Slide 10
CALPADS and Local Control Funding Formula
 LEAs will continue to certify Report 1.17 –
FRPM/English Learner/Foster Youth Count
 Report has been modified slightly to leverage
weekly foster data
• Foster students in an out-of-home placement are
eligible for free meals – so show up under FRPM
• Foster students in family maintenance are not eligible
 Foster data in Report 1.17 will “freeze” when
LEAs certify report
 Foster data will begin showing up in late
October/early November
11
October 2014 CIM, Slide 11
CALPADS and Local Control Funding Formula
Change in required household income data collection
for Provision 2 and 3 and Community Eligibility
Provision (CEP) schools:
• Must collect alternative household income forms every 4
years during a LCFF “base year”
• LCFF base year may be the same as the year used to
establish the base for Provision 2/3 – in this case
National School Lunch Program application forms may
be used
• Must collect alternative income forms for new students
transferring to the school within the four years
• Must annually report to CALPADS, students found
eligible in LCFF base year
12
October 2014 CIM, Slide 12
CALPADS and Local Control Funding Formula
New County Office of Education (COE) LCFF Count
Report
• Certification Report 1.19 COE LCFF- Count will be
released in November
• Report will show for each county, the count of students
whose funding will remain at the county, and count of
students whose funding will be attributed back to the
district of geographic residence
• CSIS will conduct specific training for COEs
13
October 2014 CIM, Slide 13
CALPADS and Foster
Foster Youth
• CALPADS will have new reports, updated
weekly, that show current foster students
• Weekly foster reports are different than most
CALPADS reports:
• Do not require certification
• Are not used for state or federal reporting
• Purpose of reports are to assist COEs, districts,
and schools to better coordinate services for
foster youth
• Reports provide social worker and educational
representative name and phone number October 2014 CIM, Slide 14
CALPADS and Foster
Foster Youth (cont.)
• COEs, districts, and schools should establish
business processes for routinely using the
information provided in the weekly reports
• Summary data can inform LCAP goals and
activities, helping determine need for services
and resource allocation at the COE, district, and
school levels
• Individual level data should be used to
coordinate services for individual foster students
October 2014 CIM, Slide 15
CALPADS and Foster
How are LCFF Foster Youth Identified?
• CDSS is the authoritative source for who an LCFF
Foster Student is
• Definition was clarified to include both students who
are in out-of-home placements and students who
are at home receiving family maintenance services
• In order to be an LCFF Foster student, that youth
must be in the CDSS file provided to CALPADS
• CALPADS maintains all Client and Case IDs
received from CDSS regardless if the foster youth is
matched to CALPADS data
October 2014 CIM, Slide 16
CALPADS and Foster
How are LCFF Foster Youth Identified? (cont.)
• The goal is for the statewide match in CALPADS to
eventually be the sole source of identifying foster
students, eliminating the need for local matching
between LEAs and county welfare departments
• However, until the statewide match has been
established, local matches may continue to occur so
LEAs/schools may serve foster youth as required by their
Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs)
• CDSS will be communicating to county welfare departments the
methodology being used to pull students from their system
October 2014 CIM, Slide 17
CALPADS and Foster
How are LCFF Foster Youth Identified? (cont.)
• Recognizing that LEAs may identify foster students
through local matches who are not matched at the
state level, functionality will be provided (January
2015) for LEAs to “look-up” a student using a Client
or Case ID
• If Client or Case ID exists in CALPADS, the student
will be tagged in CALPADS as foster and will then
show up in reports
• LEAs will not be able to submit a foster status for a
student to CALPADS through a program record
October 2014 CIM, Slide 18
CALPADS and Foster
Foster Youth (cont.)
• The California Department of Social Services
(CDSS) is finalizing the process for automatically
creating the file from their system
• Once the CDE receives a final file, it will be tested
and then released – current projection for this
release is late October/early November
• For more information refer to the LCFF Foster FAQs
posted from the CDE Web page (not CALPADS
page)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 19
Assessment Update
 CALPADS Assessment functionality redesign in
progress
 Managing suspense
 Data used for multiple assessments
October 2014 CIM, Slide 20
Data Readiness: CALPADS
 CALPADS is the sole source for student
demographic, enrollment, and program data for
the student test registration system known as
the Test Operations Management System
(TOMS).
 TOMS replaces TIDE
 Updates to these data
must be made in CALPADS.
LEAs cannot update student
demographic, enrollment, or
program data in TOMS
October 2014 CIM, Slide 21
Data Readiness: CALPADS
 Student accommodations and designated
supports:
 Are not collected in CALPADS.
 Cannot be uploaded by the local educational
agency (LEA) until CALPADS data is available
in TOMS (e.g., new enrollments must be
uploaded to TOMS prior to accommodations for
the newly enrolled student).
October 2014 CIM, Slide 22
Data Readiness: CALPADS
 Smarter Balanced
• Interim
• Summative
 Pre-Identification (non-Smarter Balanced
assessments)
 Charter schools
• Direct funded: Test independently (per EC Section
60603)
• Locally funded: Test with Authorizer (per CAASPP
Regulations)
• NOTE: Independently Testing Charters are NOT the
same as Independently Reporting Charters in
CALPADS. Some charters may be testing differently
than how they report to CALPADS.
October 2014 CIM, Slide 23
Student Test Registration
Local
Educational
Agency
Student-level
CALPADS submission
Student-level
accommodations*
CALPADS
Student-level
test registration
Test Operation
Management System
(TOMS)
* Reference Smarter Balanced Usability, Accessibility, and Accommodations Guidelines
(http://www.cde.ca.gov/292859)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 24
CALPADS to TOMS
START: CDE’s nightly
extract of student level
data from CALPADS
Operational Data Store
(ODS) and uploads to
TOMS
Continues through
testing window
Update
CALPADS
ODS
Continuously
TOMS automated
process determines
any updates,
deletions, and/or
additions
LEAs review TOMS, verify
data uploaded, and submit
designated supports and
accommodations directly to
TOMS
25
October 2014 CIM, Slide 25
2014–15 Timeline
Oct 1, 2014
CALPADS
Fall 1
And
Fall 2 Open
July 1, 2014
Begin CALPADS
enrollment
March 6, 2015
Dec 12, 2014
CALPADS Fall 2 Certification Deadline
CALPADS Fall 1
certification deadline
April 2, 2015
Fall 2 Amendment
Window Deadline
Feb 13, 2015
Sep 17, 2014
CALPADS Training
for CAASPP
July 1, 2014
November
TOMS Test Registration
Module Release
Fall 1
Amendment
Window
Deadline
June 1, 2015
CALPADS End-of-Year
opens
July - June
January
June 30, 2015
Operational Data Store (ODS)-CALPADS LEA administrators maintain current enrollment
October 2014 CIM, Slide 26
CALPADS to TOMS
 What is CALPADS sending to TOMS?
• CALPADS sends all open enrollments with enrollment
status = 10 (Primary) or 30 (Short term), for grades K-12.
• Concurrent Enrollments (CCEs) – the record with the
most recent enrollment will be sent to TOMS.
 CDE will provide LEAs a mapping from the TOMS
Test Registration expected fields to the CALPADS
field element that is used to populate and/or derive
the information in the near future.
27
October 2014 CIM, Slide 27
TOMS Test Registration Interface
October 2014 CIM, Slide 28
TOMS Test Registration Interface
Currently under development
October 2014 CIM, Slide 29
Critical Data Points for Testing
 Section 504 (CALPADS Education Program
Code – 101)
 Special Education (CALPADS Education
Program Code – 144)
 Home/hospital and independent study
 Non public schools
October 2014 CIM, Slide 30
CALPADS AYP Reports
 The CDE has created new CALPADS reports for all
high schools and high school districts that received
a 2014 Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) Report.
 The CALPADS AYP reports provides information
on all students that took the 2014 California High
School Exit Examination (CAHSEE) and the
California Alternate Performance Assessment
(CAPA).
 LEA and School Summary and Detail
 Available late October
October 2014 CIM, Slide 31
Final Points
 Recognition Program
 Data Privacy and Security
 Collaboration
 Resources – CDE
CALPADS Web page
http://www.cde.ca.gov/ds/
sp/cl/
October 2014 CIM, Slide 32
CALPADS Support Update
Martha Friedrich
Client Services Officer, FCMAT/CSIS
October 2014 CIM, Slide 33
CALPADS Support Update
Topics
 EOY Submission Statistics
 New / Revised Functionality
 Fall Submission Strategies
 Recognition Program
 Support Tips
October 2014 CIM, Slide 34
EOY Submission Statistics
• EOY Deadline Met
Expected
Submission LEAs
EOY 1
1504
EOY 2
1704
EOY 3
1704
EOY 4
848
Total
Certified
Percent
Certified
1395
1693
92%
99%
1686
837
99%
99%
October 2014 CIM, Slide 35
Impact of Change - SENR
• Student Enrollment File (SENR)
• Yearly enrollments updates
• Enrollment start date
• Grade Level moved under Student Enrollment
• Grade Level edits for multi-year enrollments
• School Transfer reporting expectations
• New Exit code E150 and E155
• SSID extract includes SELA results
October 2014 CIM, Slide 36
Reconcile Grade Level Counts
Grade and Gender columns can be expanded by pressing the box
to the left with the “+” sign and collapsed by pressing the “-” sign
37
October 2014 CIM, Slide 37
Impact of Change - SINF
• Student Information File (SINF)
• Reduce upload frequency
• Initial US School Enrollment (CERT113)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 38
Impact of Change - SPRG
• Student Program File (SPRG)
• Membership code defaults
• Program exit automated
• No Foster program code
• New code for Homeless & new element for
Dwelling Type
October 2014 CIM, Slide 39
Impact of Change - SELA
• Student English Language Acquisition
(SELA)
• Requires SE role for batch and online
• Retains one status type per SSID
• EO (English Only) Status Date
• 2014-15 Reports will use most recent Effective
Date regardless of LEA ownership
• Fatal Errors - SELA GERR005, SELA0283,
SELA0285
October 2014 CIM, Slide 40
Reconcile ELAS Counts
October 2014 CIM, Slide 41
Change to Reports
• Reports 1.1, 1.6, 1.9, 1.17, & 2.1 and
related supporting reports modified
• Report 1.18 now includes detail foster
• Reports will use data from new data
sources
October 2014 CIM, Slide 42
New Validations Rules (IVRs)
• CERT110 (Warning) – Checks for invalid Open
or Closed Title I Part C Migrant Record
• CERT112 (Fatal) – Ensures all Students are
exited by the end of the school year
• CERT113 (Fatal) – Checks for missing Student
Initial US School Enrollment Date
• CERT114 (Fatal) – Checks that a subsequent
enrollment is present following an E150 exit
October 2014 CIM, Slide 43
Modified Validations Rules (IVRs)
• CERT014 – Severity changed to Warning –
warns when there is a 20% or more difference
in number of graduates from last year
• CERT067 – Severity changed to Fatal and
validation now modified to trigger when a
student enrolled on Census day and has no
SELA record
October 2014 CIM, Slide 44
Retired Validations Rules (IVRs)
• CERT101 (Warning) – Warns when primary
residence category code is missing, invalid, or
not current within the LEA enrollment
• CERT093 (Fatal) – Ensures ELAS Start Date is
not blank or after Record Effective Start Date
• CERT094 (Fatal) – Checks for missing required
SELA SINF data: ELAS Code, Status Start Date
• CERT003 (Fatal) – Ensures an effective student
information record is present for a student
October 2014 CIM, Slide 45
Summary of Changes and Impact
 Many fields removed from SINF
• SINF is only needed if information has changed
or is new compared to what is in CALPADS
 Grade Level field comes from the SENR file
(SINF no longer the source)
• No need to submit the SINF file during Fall1 for
all students if information is current in
CALPADS
October 2014 CIM, Slide 46
Summary of Changes and Impact
 English Language Acquisition data now
reported through new SELA file instead of
SINF file
• ELAS data only needs to be reported if no
ELAS data exists in CALPADS or if the status
has changed
• LEA Admin must assign SELA role
 Primary Language removed from MID
detection
• Possible increase in MID anomalies for an LEA
October 2014 CIM, Slide 47
Summary of Changes and Impact
 No more multiyear enrollments
 All students must be exited every year
 New exit codes E150 and E155 added.
• Mid-year grade changes within a school must
be reported with E150
 New Program code for Homeless
• Must report program records for homeless
students
October 2014 CIM, Slide 48
Summary oF Changes and Impact
 Program Membership Code automatically
established
• No need to populate the Education Program
Membership Code
 Program records auto close with SENR exit
• No need to submit exit records for many
programs
• Code 181/182 still require exit date.
October 2014 CIM, Slide 49
Summary oF Changes and Impact
 Foster youth definition has changed for
LCFF reporting and weekly match will be
added
• High percentage foster youth will be
automatically identified in CALPADS. New User
Interface (UI) will provide mechanism for LEAs
to check for additional matches.
October 2014 CIM, Slide 50
NSLP Data Collection for Provision 2/3 Schools
Income Verification
Using alternative applications
required at least every 4 years
2013 2014 2015 2016
2017 2018 2019 2020
Required for new students
Student Program records
must be submitted annually
181
Free
Meals
51
182
Reduced
Price Meals
October 2014 CIM, Slide 51
Foster Youth Identification
Weekly Match
CALPADS will search the CDSS data for matches in two ways:
1. First Name, Last Name, Date of Birth, and LEA enrollment
2. Student address when enrollment is missing
Manual Match
•
•
New User Interface (will be available in Jan-2015 release)
10-digit Foster Client ID or 19-digit Foster Case ID Required
Fall – 1 Snapshot Data
Ongoing ODS Data
Two Snapshot Reports
Two new ODS reports
Report 1.17 – Certification Report*
Report 1.18 – Supporting Report
Ongoing foster youth data
from ODS
(Not Certified)
* Includes counts for matched foster students enrolled on census day
52
October 2014 CIM, Slide 52
LCFF FAQ
 http://www.cde.ca.gov/fg/aa/lc/lcfffaq.asp
October 2014 CIM, Slide 53
Common Issues
 SELA status may change when MID
resolved – use Anomaly report 9.2 to view
resolved MIDs in Academic Year
 EO status date
 Must convert the historical continuous
enrollment in order to edit in OM
 13-14 ODS version of 1.17 (LCFF) report no
longer available (use 8.1 student profile if
needed)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 54
Known Issues – High Profile
 3514 - SPRG - GERR0001 error triggers on not
required Education Program Membership Code
 3523 - ODS report 8.1 Student Profile List Duplicate rows for several students exist
 3518 - Snapshot 2.9 English Language Acquisition
Status - Census Comparison Report displays
inflated EL counts
 3528 - Snapshot 8.1c report includes dropout
entries for students that have a subsequent
enrollment (not a dropout)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 55
Future Changes
 October/November –
• Weekly report, 5.6, 5.7 Foster Youth Enrollment
• New COE LCFF report for Disciplinary, Juvenile
Court and Other students, report 1.19 and 1.20
 January –
• Foster Youth UI that allows LEAs to enter a
Client ID to match against the CDSS foster
youth data
• Report 5.8, Former Foster Youth Enrollment
Count & 5.9, Student Level Report
October 2014 CIM, Slide 56
Important Dates
Census Day
Oct. 1st
Certification
deadline
December 12
Amendment
deadline
February 13
CALPADS Calendar:
http://www.cde.ca.gov/ds/sp/cl/rptcalendar.asp
57
October 2014 CIM, Slide 57
Fall - 1 Suggested Milestones
58
Now – 10/2
 Complete Fall 1 data population in local SIS
10/2 – 10/24
 Upload SENR, SELA, and SPRG files. Review
validation errors and reconcile as needed (SINF
optional)
10/25 – 11/3
 Post SENR, SPRG, SELA & optional SINF files
11/4 – 11/21
 Resolve anomalies, resolve certification errors, review
certification reports and update records if necessary
11/25 – 12/5
 Send reports to site leaders for approval
12/8 – 12/11
 Certify Fall-1 (level 1 & level 2)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 58
Submission Strategies
 Fall Certification Errors and Reports
• Resolve fatal errors first
• Review and reconcile aggregate reports
• Start with 1.1 or 1.5
• Refer to Report Mapping Guide
• Use supporting reports to assist in reconciliation
• Use warnings for trend analysis
• Fix local data and re-upload as needed
October 2014 CIM, Slide 59
Submission Strategies
 Why meet the Fall 1 deadline?
• Preview DataQuest
• County Office of Education reviews LEA’s
Certified Reports
• Avoid CDE letter to Superintendent
• Poised to succeed with Fall 2
• Preliminary Accountability reports
• Be a kind and courteous neighbor
October 2014 CIM, Slide 60
Fall - 2 Suggested Milestones
61
Now – 11/3
 Complete Fall 2 data population in local SIS
11/3 – 11/28
 Upload SDEM, SASS, CRSE, SCSE files. Review
validation errors and reconcile as needed
12/15/14 –
1/9/15
 Post SDEM, SASS, CRSE, SCSE files
1/12/15 –
2/20/15
 Resolve certification errors, review certification reports
and update records if necessary
2/23/15 3/2/15
 Send reports to site leaders for approval
3/2/15 –
3/5/15
 Certify Fall-2 (level 1 & level 2)
October 2014 CIM, Slide 61
Submission Strategies
 Fall 2 Certification Strategies
1. Complete Fall 1
2. Submit and post Staff Demographics
3. Submit and post Staff Assignments
4. Submit and post Course Section
5. Submit and post
2
1
Student Course Section
3
4
5
October 2014 CIM, Slide 62
 Fall 2 High Profile
 CRSE0127 - Invalid NCLB Core Course
Instructional Level Code
 CERT063 - EL Student Reported for Whom No
Services are Indicated
 CERT108 - Total FTE to Total Staff ratio is
greater than 1.25 or less than .75
October 2014 CIM, Slide 63
Submission Strategies
Set Up
Accounts
Submit
Data
Reconcile
County
Level
Approval
Review/
Certify
October 2014 CIM, Slide 64
Submission Strategies
2014
September
10/2
10/24
Fall 1
Populate
local
data
Census
Day
Fall 2
Populate
local
data
Census
Day
2015
11/21
Upload
data
11/28
Review
reports
12/12
2/20 3/6
Fall 1
due
Upload
data
Review
reports
Fall 2
due
October 2014 CIM, Slide 65
Recognition Program
Training and Data Management Recognition
October 2014 CIM, Slide 66
Recognition Program
Training Recognition Program Goals
• Encourage training registration/participation
• Increase CALPADS proficiency
• Acknowledge individual effort
October 2014 CIM, Slide 67
Recognition Program
Training Recognition Criteria
Attend Nine CALPADS Training Courses:
• Essential 1- 4
• Fall 1or Fall 1 Advanced Reporting & Certification
• Fall 2 Data Population
• Fall 2 or Fall 2 Advanced Reporting & Certification
• EOY 2 and 3
• EOY 1 and 4
October 2014 CIM, Slide 68
Recognition Program
Training Recognition Criteria
• Training Registration and Lync log-in
• Attended Webinar session
• OR
• Watched Self-Paced course
October 2014 CIM, Slide 69
Recognition Program
Data Management Recognition Goals
• Adopt data management best practices
• Certify data collection on time
• Acknowledgement of:
• LEAs and the data team involved
• LEAs that meet deadline
• LEAs that maintain quality data
October 2014 CIM, Slide 70
Recognition Program
Data Management Recognition Criteria
CALPADS Data Submissions Certified by:
• December 19, 2013 – Fall 1
• March 28, 2014 – Fall 2
• July 18, 2014 – EOY1
• July 18, 2014 – EOY2
• July 18, 2014 – EOY3
• July 18, 2014 – EOY4
October 2014 CIM, Slide 71
Support Tips
 Expedite Support Response Time
• Reference Known Issues
• Advise site users to contact LEA Admin
• Configure Security Questions
• Use email or web form
• Include Job ID, SSID, SEID, Error Number
October 2014 CIM, Slide 72
Support Tips
 Help Yourself First
• Reference key documents before contacting support:
• Quick Reference Guides (Help function of
CALPADS)
• System documentation on CDE website:
http://www.cde.ca.gov/ds/sp/cl/systemdocs.asp
• Check the Upcoming Events on the main CALPADS
portal
• Subscribe to the CALPADS one-way listserv
• Attend Training or Use Self Paced Trainings
• Attend Q & As
October 2014 CIM, Slide 73
Support Tips
 Training Opportunities
• http://csis.fcmat.org/Pages/Trainings.aspx
• http://csis.fcmat.org/Pages/Self-PacedTraining.aspx
• Basic courses
• Advanced courses
• Self-Paced Training Modules
 Create a CSIS/FCMAT account to register
for training
October 2014 CIM, Slide 74
Support Tips
 Resources
• Release Updates and Known Issues
• Error List (now available from “Help”)
• Flash Updates
• Data Guide
• Self-Paced Training Modules
• Glossary (User Guide)
• Job Aides (Report Mapping Guide)
• FAQs
• NEW! Wiki with mini self-paced tutorials
October 2014 CIM, Slide 75
Next Meeting
October 2014 CIM, Slide 76
Next Meeting
April 21, 2015
from 9:30 – 11:30
 WebEx Meeting from Sacramento
• Accessible via the internet
• No physical locations
October 2014 CIM, Slide 77