Resilience and ReciproCities in Energy Cascading
and Closing Cycles. A dynamic equilibrium
Arjan Van Timmeren
TU-Delft, NL
Resilience & ReciproCities in EnergyCascading and Closing Cycles :
a dynamic equilibrium of City & (Hinter)land
prof.dr.ir. Arjan van Timmeren
Peri-urban areas and Food-Energy-Water NEXUS
Politecnico Milan, March 28 th 2014
Background ...
Faculty of Architecture, Department Urbanism,
Chair: Environmental Technology & Design
AUTONOMY
HETERONOMY
use(rs)
sustainabi
urban METABOLISM
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Background ...
Faculty of Architecture, Department Urbanism,
Chair: Environmental Technology & Design
At the dawn of the 21st century we are starting to realize that
if we plan to see the 22nd century, there will be three onerous
challenges to overcome: global warming, population growth
and resource scarcity. We know that the paradigm of infinite
growth on a finite planet has come to a close yet, by and large,
business continues… as usual. Plentiful cheap energy in the
form of fossil fuels has been our saving grace thus far, but
how much further can it take us? Hundreds of millions of the
previously impoverished are entering a new global middle
class and are adopting modern resource intensive lifestyles.
The thing is, our society already consumes 1.5 times the planet’s capacity to naturally replenish resources so, how will we
make ends meet? How must our current infrastructures be
altered to ensure the needs of present without compromising
the security and prosperity of future generations? For this
answer we must look toward our cities, the engines of modern
civilization, and their dynamic relationships with one another
and the surrounding environment.
ReciproCities: a dynamic equilibrium
The times they are a changin’…
use(rs)
AUTONOMY
HETERONOMY
RECIPROCITIES
a dynamic equilibrium
ISBN 978-94-6186-256-3
Prof.dr.ir. Arjan van Timmeren
sustainabi
environmental
technology & design
9 789461 862563
Prof.dr.ir. Arjan van Timmeren
urban METABOLISM
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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1.
‘why’ ...
Sustainable Urban Transformations
towards a F 4NEXUS in 3 Dimensions
closing energy, water, nutrient and material cycles in built environments
GreenBlue Environments: Spatial Strategies • 17 December 2013 • Minor bk7250 • A.van Timmeren Bk/U/EtD
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Towards a F4 NEXUS & ReciproCities
in 3D... from the perspective of sustainable development
Why?
Strategic
What?
Tactic
How?
Operational
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
drivers of change
Global knowledge exchange,
transport & ICT, geo-politics,
increasing industrial
competition,
etc.
Worldwide extensive growth in cities over the
next 25 years, changing demographics,
housing and industries, request for more
flexibility, ‘Millennium Development Goals’,
etc.
Population
Climate change
(cf IPCC); cascading effects,
stressed waterways, Urban
Heat Island, demand for more
resource efficiency, etc.
Climate &
environment
Globalisation
People, Institutions,
Policy & Systems
Community acceptance,
Political will & governance
Water use &
management
Science &
technology
Advanced materials,
Bio & nano technology, C2C,
Sensors &sensor networks (RTC),
Information & communication, smart
grids / context delivery architecture,
Energy alternatives & recovery,
etc.
Urban Emergencies
earthquakes,
hurricanes/typhoons,
drought/flooding,
etc.
Energy,GHG &
waste managem.
Energy, CO2 and CH4
reduction, resilience &
energy dependance, exergy,
energy transition strategies,
waste recovery, etc.
water shortages,
salination, retention,
micro pollutants,
‘Push’ for efficient water
and nutrient use (Urban
& Agriculture),
etc.
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URBAN
GROWTH
Hong Kong
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NEC PLUS ULTRA
The way we develop cities result in an a priori break from attempts to deviate from the status quo. The growth and densiDication of interdependent infrastructures that support people, information, water, materials, energy, and waste and the rigidity of current urban planning and design methodologies make our cities increasingly vulnerable to cascading effects caused by anthropogenic climate change
Dubai, Palm Island
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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MEGA CITIES ONLY COUNT
FOR 9.9% OF URBANISATION
Miami
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Planning Paradigm:
INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVES
(URBAN) PLANNING
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
what can we do ? ... two future paths
Mitigation
Mitigation potential GHG reduction per sector (IPCC, 2007)
tackling the cause(s)
Non-OESO/EIT
EIT
OESE
World total
Energy supply
Transport
Buildings
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Waste
Adaptation
handling the consequences
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
Prosperous Cities : “smart, sustainable & just” cities
... what means ‘Prosperity’ anno 2013?
hard to answer due to large differences between living conditions in the world ...
... imperative is that the definition of ‘prosperity’ now,
depends on the needs of future generations
UN-Habitat “City Prosperity Index (2012)”, with five dimensions of prosperity :
productivity,
infrastructure (development),
quality of life,
equity and social inclusion,
environmental sustainability
F4 Nexus
source: UN Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) , “State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013”
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
“Peak Oil” when? ...
?
Fossil
Fuels
Luis de Souza, The Oil Drum,
Luis de Souza,
The Oil Drum, 2008
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THIRD CARBON AGE
The invisible hand of the market has spoken.
... but does the market truly speak for the People ?
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
hydro carbon resourses & “hydro-fracking ? ... it stays a reprieve !
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainability / Sustainable Development
U. Bardi / M. Pagani, 2007
Introduction to SUET • November14th 2013 • Environmental Technology & Design • prof.dr.ir. A.van Timmeren
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Ecological Footprint
asks for a changing paradigm
bron: N.Nelson / A.Mels / A.vanTimmeren, 2010
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equity ?
e.g. in Peru the Chinese company (Chinalco) bought in the summer of 2007
a mountain of 4600 meter height (named Toromocho)… for 3 billion dollar…
Why?
… because it resulted to contain 2 billion tonnes of Copper!
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Triple P: equity :
the challenges are in the developing world ...
Source: World Population Prospects:
The 2006 Revision, medium variant
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Further asymmetrical growth ...
will ultimately lead to autophagy Cairo, Egypt
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Importance of ‘communities’ & ‘street level design’
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Eco-Cities: Innovation, Integration, Information
and compactness (‘interconnection’ of facilities/services)
artist impression of the “Great City” (just outside Chengdu, China); ca. 80.000 inhabitants
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artist impression of the “Great City” (just outside Chengdu, China)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Eco-Cities: Innovation, Integration, Information
and compactness (‘interconnection’ of facilities/services)
artist impression of the “Great City” (just outside Chengdu, China); ca. 80.000 inhabitants
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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how do you sell urban living to former farmers (ao)? ... by making it green (example of Tianjing)
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: first ‘Zero Carbon’ city of the world.?
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: Zero-Carbon, .....however: spatial quality ... ?
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: Zero-Carbon, .....however: spatial quality ... ?
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Masdar City,Abu Dhabi: Zero-Carbon, .....however: spatial quality ... ?
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Cities have continued to decentralize
while Utilities have been centralizing!
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Buildings & (technical) infrastructure ...
Private Utilities
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City and (technical) infrastructure ...
Public Utilities
source: Autonomie & Heteronomie. Verduurzaming van essentiële stromen in de gebouwde omgeving (Timmeren, 2006)
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Towards a F4 NEXUS & ReciproCities
in 3D... from the perspective of sustainable development
Why?
Strategic
Do the
right things...
What?
Tactic
How?
Operational
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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2.
‘what’ ...
Sustainable Urban Transformations
in 3 Dimensions
closing energy, water, nutrient and material cycles in built environments
GreenBlue Environments: Spatial Strategies • 17 December 2013 • Minor bk7250 • A.van Timmeren Bk/U/EtD
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Sustainable Area Development (SAD)
a changing role for communities, design, construction & maintenance
from:
a focus on design for the masses (production)
towards:
a ‘re-conceptualisation’ of functional objects and areas
smart interconnected and integrated-, regenerative systems
self-organisation and community building (PO & CPO)
designers need to re-imagine the nature of buildings, city, region
and the interactions in between and between building and use(rs) ...
Nieuw Leyden, Leiden
Spoelwater
Centrale
zuiveringsvijver
verzamelvijver
WADI
Helofytenfilter
Zwartwater
Grijswater
Zandfilter
Zwembad
Oude Lek
Scheidingsvat
infiltratie
poldersloot
Drinkwater
Living machine
BIOGAS installatie
WATERBEDRIJF
storage/ mobility
e.g. interconnection (Lanxmeer)
e.g. layered landscapes (Eurocity / Tilt city, Paris competition entry)
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e.g. Linked Hybrid , Steven Holl
46
SAD asks for an integrated approach
from the perspective of water, energy, nutrients (Triple F !)
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SAD asks for an integral approach
from the perspective of water, energy, nutrients (...Triple F !)
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SAD asks for an integral approach
from the perspective of water, energy (adaptation & mitigation)
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SAD asks for an integrated approach
from the perspective of water, energy (adaptation & mitigation)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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SAD asks for an integrated approach
from the perspective of water, energy, nutrients (...Triple F !)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Industrial Ecology & Urban Metabolism
from the perspective of water, energy (adaptation & mitigation)
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Industrial Ecology & Urban Metabolism
from the perspective of water, energy (adaptation & mitigation)
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Metabolism is a precondition of life
along with homeostasis, structural organization, growth,
adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction
•
Though metabolism was at first used to describe living organisms, pioneering
ecologist Arthur Tansley expanded the term in 1935 to encompass the material
and energetic streams from the inorganic construction of settlements, and
introduced the ‘Urban Metabolism’.
•
UM is a framework for modeling complex urban systems’ material and energy
streams as if the city were an ecosystem.
•
UM allows the dynamics of cities (beyond ‘traditional’ mobility and the
relationship between built/(un)cultivated environments) to be studied in relation
to scarcity, carrying capacity and conservation of mass and energy.
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Sustainable neighborhoods’ metabolism ...
water, energy, nutrients (adaptation & mitigation)
Spoelwater
Centrale
zuiveringsvijver
verzamelvijver
WADI
Helofytenfilter
Zwartwater
Grijswater
Zandfilter
Scheidingsvat
infiltratie
Zwembad
Oude Lek
poldersloot
Drinkwater
Living machine
BIOGAS installatie
WATERBEDRIJF
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
ψ
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Metabolism is a precondition of life
note that UM is not without critics...
•
UM has been challenged by certain social scientists because it neglects the
sociological fact that humans are malleable and conditioned by their social
environment, not the natural environment.
•
Human behavior is primarily influenced by societal norms rather than immutable
natural laws.
•
However... human settlements are able to adapt to environmental conditions.
Unlike all other organisms humans are self aware of their actions and can adjust
behaviors accordingly.
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainable neighborhoods’ metabolism ...
implementation scale(s) water, energy, nutrients ...
individually ( local)? ...
examples (from left to right): indiv. ‘Living Machine’, ‘Solar Pole’, ‘Turby’,
‘Nonolet’, ‘Helophytes-tray’, Nedap mobile water purification device
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainable neighborhoods’ metabolism ...
implementation scale(s) water, energy, nutrients ...
or: Community based (clustered) and ‘decentralized’ ? ...
examples (from left to right): ‘Living Machine’ Findhorn (Scotland),
solar collector plant (Marstal, Denmark), biogas plant (Latvia)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainable neighborhoods’ metabolism ...
implementation scale(s) water, energy, nutrients ...
or: Centralized (existing paradigm).
examples (from left to right): waste water treatment plant (Amstelveen),
HV net (380 kV), and Integrated Tube Tunnel (ILT; Amsterdam ‘Zuid-as’)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Sustainable neighborhoods’ metabolism ...
two future paths of sustainable infrastructures / services
two ‘future paths’ for (sustainable) development:
‘economies of scale’
‘scale economy’
underlying principles:
‘autonomy / autarky’
‘heteronomy’
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
spatial programme
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
ecological
ambitions
spatial programme
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
Local individual risk
Exposure
Expected economical damage
Max.flood depth
ecological
ambitions
spatial programme
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
spatial program
+ water adaptation
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
existing
high-tide ‘tasks’
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Example of the LTP ‘IJssel-Vecht’delta
SAD started from the (coming) water tasks ...
extreme (2100-)
high-tide ‘tasks’
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‘Preventie Voorop’
LTP IJssel Vecht Delta (2013)
(door: H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten,
Bureau Buiten, De Beuk, Atelier 2t)
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‘Mix op maat’
LTP IJssel Vecht Delta (2013)
(door: H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten,
Bureau Buiten, De Beuk, Atelier 2t)
Q3 Capita Selecta • Spatial Strategies Urban Transformations; IJssel-Vechtdelta • 17 February 2014 • prof.dr.ir. A.van Timmeren
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Nijmegen; ‘Ruimte voor de Waal’
Ruimte voor de Rivier ; nieuwe nevengeul op smalste punt van de Waal (bij Nijmegen/Lent), (energie neutraal) eiland en nieuwe oeververbindingen (bron: iLent Dura Vermeer Ploegam)
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Towards an energy neutral intervention
(Veur)Lent development strategy
2013-2016
2016-2023
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2023 & later
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Reduce
demand
Renewable
generation
exchange &
leveling or
cascading of
energy
on district level
City District
exchange &
leveling or
cascading of
energy on
neighborhood
level
Neighborhood /
Cluster
avoid
energy demand
by measurse
at building scale
reuse of
excess energy
on building level
Clean(er)
Conventional
energy via
central grid,
clean & efficient
(conventional,
non-renewable
generation )
connection to
central
energy grids
with
excess energy
City(region)
Building
Reuse
residual
effluents
renewable
energy
generation
on district level
renewable
energy
generation
on neighborhood
level
renewable
energy
generation
on building level
energy at
building level,
clean & efficient
(conventional,
non-renewable
generation )
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Towards an energy neutral intervention
REAP
stap 1:
stap 2:
stap 3:
stap 4:
Reduce
Reuse
Renewable energy
Clean usage of fossil fuels
Cluster
Veur-­‐Lent
Stedelijk Rivierpark
Municipality of Nijmegen
Building
Bron afb.: Tillie, N., et al (2009) ‘Rotterdamse EnergieAanpak en –Planning (REAP); OP naar CO2-neutrale stedenbouw’ Rotterdam
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Example NL northern Province Groningen
SAD started from (renewable) energy potentials ...
Electricity generation
(renewable sources)
Heat- and Cold
(storage potential)
CO2
(storage potential)
Heat
(supply & demand)
etcetera.
Proposed
interventions
source: POP research, Province Groningen
TU Delft (A.vd.Dobbelsteen, S.Jansen, A.v.Timmeren)
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Example NL northern Province Groningen
SAD started from (renewable) energy potentials ...
Electricity generation
(renewable sources)
Heat- and Cold
(storage potential)
CO2
(storage potential)
Heat
(supply & demand)
etcetera.
Proposed
interventions
source: POP research, Province Groningen
TU Delft (A.vd.Dobbelsteen, S.Jansen, A.v.Timmeren)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example NL northern Province Groningen
SAD started from (renewable) energy potentials ...
Electricity generation
(renewable sources)
Heat- and Cold
(storage potential)
CO2
(storage potential)
Heat
(supply & demand)
etcetera.
Proposed
interventions
source: POP research, Province Groningen
TU Delft (A.vd.Dobbelsteen, S.Jansen, A.v.Timmeren)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example NL northern Province Groningen
SAD started from (renewable) energy potentials ...
Electricity generation
(renewable sources)
Heat- and Cold
(storage potential)
CO2
(storage potential)
Heat
(supply & demand)
etcetera.
Proposed
interventions
source: POP research, Province Groningen
TU Delft (A.vd.Dobbelsteen, S.Jansen, A.v.Timmeren)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example NL northern Province Groningen
SAD started from (renewable) energy potentials ...
Electricity generation
(renewable sources)
Heat- and Cold
(storage potential)
CO2
(storage potential)
Heat
(supply & demand)
etcetera.
Proposed
interventions
source: POP research, Province Groningen
TU Delft (A.vd.Dobbelsteen, S.Jansen, A.v.Timmeren)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Example regional scale: Holland-Rijnland
smart coalitions of municipalities / spatial & environmental
!
Hillegom!
Noordwijkerhout!
Lisse!
Noordwijk!
Teylingen!
Katwijk!
Kaag!en!Braassem!
Oegstgeest!
!
Nieuwkoop!
Leiden!
Leiderdorp!
Alphen!aan!den!Rijn!
Voorschoten!
Zoeterwoude!
Rijnwoude!
!
(source: Verkenning Energiekansen Holland Rijnland (iov OmgevingsDienst West Holland) A icw TPM
!
Some examples of energy potential mapping (renewable sources) Holland Rijnland ...
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!
Hillegom!
Noordwijkerhout!
Lisse!
!
!
Noordwijk!
Teylingen!
Katwijk!
Kaag!en!Braassem!
Oegstgeest!
Nieuwkoop!
Leiden!
Leiderdorp!
Alphen!aan!den!Rijn!
Voorschoten!
Zoeterwoude!
Rijnwoude!
!
!
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!
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Example local scale: Katwijk / Teylingen
smart coalitions of municipalities / spatial & environmental
!
Hillegom!
Noordwijkerhout!
Lisse!
Noordwijk!
Teylingen!
Katwijk!
Kaag!en!Braassem!
Oegstgeest!
Nieuwkoop!
Leiden!
Leiderdorp!
Alphen!aan!den!Rijn!
Voorschoten!
Zoeterwoude!
Rijnwoude!
Some example of a so-called ‘hot-spot’: energy potential combination with spatial program (renewable sources); Mun. Katwijk
(bestemmingsplan) Trappenberg-Kloosterbuur; horticulture area between Rijnsburg,in Katwijk and Voorhout in Teylingen
(source: Verkenning Energiekansen Gemeente Katwijk, Leiderdorp en Teylingen (iov OmgevingsDienst West Holland)
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Towards a F4 NEXUS & ReciproCities
in 3D... from the perspective of sustainable development
Why?
Strategic
Do the
right things...
What?
Tactic
Do the things
right...
How?
Operational
LTP IJssel Vecht Delta (2013) (door: H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten, Bureau Buiten, De Beuk, Atelier 2t); in co-creatie met gemeenten, provincie en alle relevante stakeholders
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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3.
‘how’ ...
Sustainable Urban Transformations
towards a F 4NEXUS in 3 Dimensions
closing energy, water, nutrient and material cycles in built environments
GreenBlue Environments: Spatial Strategies • 17 December 2013 • Minor bk7250 • A.van Timmeren Bk/U/EtD
2
Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
optimal scale level; environmental, social, spatial
Vauban Biovaerk
Freiburg Kolding
(Germany) (Denmark)
Flintenbr. Lanxmeer
Lübeck Culemborg
(Germany) (Netherl.)
DESAR_EET research, WUR (Zeeman et al.) + TU Delft (Hasselaar / De Graaf / Van Timmeren) 2009/2010
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
scale, ‘community’ + smart connections & -organisation
... motive to new coalitions of infrastructure (and stakeholders) & community building !
... motive to innovative infrastructure layout / multiple use of space & community space !
... motive to new forms of transformation / building site preparation & maintenance by comm.
Flintenbreite, Lübeck (Duitsland)
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
optimal scale level; environmental, social, spatial
Flintenbreite, Lübeck (Germany)
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Flintenbreite, Lübeck (D) > neighborhood & b.block level
1000x1000m
300x300m
100x100m
30x30m
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Flintenbreite, Lübeck (Germany)
89
Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
optimal scale level; environmental, social, spatial
Urban retrofit including UA, Kolding (Denmark)
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Biovaerk, Kolding (Dk) > existing neighborhood & b.block level
Urban retrofit including UA, Kolding (Denmark)
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Biovaerk, Kolding (Dk) > existing neighborhood & b.block level
Urban retrofit including UA, Kolding (Denmark)
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Biovaerk, Kolding (Dk) > existing neighborhood & b.block level
Urban retrofit including UA, Kolding (Denmark)
1000x1000m
300x300m
100x100m
30x30m
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
optimal scale level; environmental, social, spatial
Wohnen & Arbeiten appt.block, Vauban, Freiburg
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
1000x1000m
300x300m
100x100m
30x30m
Wohnen & Arbeiten appt.block, Vauban, Freiburg (Germany)
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
Wohnen & Arbeiten appt.block, Vauban, Freiburg
1000x1000m
vacuum
toilet
300x300m
control
window
LTH
retention bags gas
under foil
exhaust biogas
shredder
gf - waste
boiler
biogas
reactor
100x100m
retention
biogas + sludge with
liquid fractions
tank with
pump
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
storage
sludge
101
Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
Vauban, Freiburg
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Vauban, Freiburg (D) > district, neighborhood & b.block level
Vauban, Freiburg
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
optimal scale level; environmental, social, spatial
Lanxmeer, Culemborg (NL)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Lanxmeer, Culemborg (NL) > district & neighborhood level
100x100m
30x30m
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Lanxmeer, Culemborg (NL) > district & neighborhood level
100x100m
30x30m
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Lanxmeer, Culemborg
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Water, energy, nutrients & community building
Urban District Lanxmeer, Culemborg (NL)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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bron: Taeke de Jong
Lanxmeer, Culemborg
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Urban & Architectural Integration of systems
Lanxmeer, Culemborg (NL) > district & neighborhood level
Spoelwater
Centrale
zuiveringsvijver
verzamelvijver
WADI
Helofytenfilter
Zwartwater
Grijswater
Zandfilter
Scheidingsvat
infiltratie
Zwembad
Oude Lek
poldersloot
Drinkwater
Living machine
BIOGAS installatie
WATERBEDRIJF
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Lanxmeer, Culemborg
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Lanxmeer, Culemborg
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Neighborhoods as synergetical organisms
water, energy, nutrients (& community based services)
from:
to:
sustainable carbon cycle
sustainable (waste)water cycle
sustainable carbon cycle
sustainable phosphorous cycle
(source: Nelson & Van Timmeren)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
114
NL is inmiddels geen voorloper meer
energie voorziening van de gebouwde omgeving nu...
van:
peildatum, 2011 (N.Nelson)
naar:
Uitwerking Energiesysteem, Erasmusveld, Den Haag (740 woningen) (Nelson & Van Timmeren)
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NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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121
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
© A2t
Urban Design, plan Sketch based on potentials
Atelier 2t report, iov DSO Den Haag, 2009
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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wonen en parkeren
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
geïsoleerd
eco-eiland
integratie wonen,
sport en parkeren
wonen en volkstuinen
lint
ecolint
volkstuinen
inen
de
er ‘‘erf’
erff’’
bijzonder
mgaard)
(boomgaard)
T
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
N
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
L
I
Z O
volkstuinen
O
minimale maat ecolint
n
C 30 m.
E
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
integratie wonen,
water en ecologie
Tramhalte
ecolint
N
EVZ 20 m.
T
EVZ 10 m.
I
wonen en ecologie
L
E
ecologische
verbindingszone
Easmusweg
richting Westlandse Zoom
EVZ 15 m.
bijzonder ‘erf’
bij
(boomgaard)
oom
oo
O
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
C
Z O
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
‘erf ’
bijzonderr ‘erf’
d)
(boomgaard)
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
Hoofdstructuur Erasmusveld Den Haag
N
H
S
Landschapsarchitecten
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
0m
50 m
100 m
250 m
wonen en waterberging
SCHAAL 1:2500 verbeterd masterplan 01-’10
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
123
wonen en parkeren
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
geïsoleerd
eco-eiland
integratie wonen,
sport en parkeren
wonen en volkstuinen
lint
ecolint
volkstuinen
inen
de
er ‘‘erf’
erff’’
bijzonder
mgaard)
(boomgaard)
T
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
N
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
L
I
Z O
volkstuinen
O
minimale maat ecolint
n
C 30 m.
E
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
integratie wonen,
water en ecologie
Tramhalte
ecolint
N
EVZ 20 m.
T
EVZ 10 m.
I
wonen en ecologie
L
E
ecologische
verbindingszone
Easmusweg
richting Westlandse Zoom
EVZ 15 m.
bijzonder ‘erf’
bij
(boomgaard)
oom
oo
O
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
C
Z O
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
‘erf ’
bijzonderr ‘erf’
d)
(boomgaard)
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
Hoofdstructuur Erasmusveld Den Haag
N
H
S
Landschapsarchitecten
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
0m
50 m
100 m
250 m
wonen en waterberging
SCHAAL 1:2500 verbeterd masterplan 01-’10
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
123
wonen en parkeren
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
geïsoleerd
eco-eiland
integratie wonen,
sport en parkeren
wonen en volkstuinen
lint
ecolint
volkstuinen
inen
de
er ‘‘erf’
erff’’
bijzonder
mgaard)
(boomgaard)
T
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
N
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
L
I
Z O
volkstuinen
O
minimale maat ecolint
n
C 30 m.
E
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
integratie wonen,
water en ecologie
Tramhalte
ecolint
N
EVZ 20 m.
T
EVZ 10 m.
I
wonen en ecologie
L
E
ecologische
verbindingszone
Easmusweg
richting Westlandse Zoom
EVZ 15 m.
bijzonder ‘erf’
bij
(boomgaard)
oom
oo
O
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
C
Z O
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
‘erf ’
bijzonderr ‘erf’
d)
(boomgaard)
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
Hoofdstructuur Erasmusveld Den Haag
N
H
S
Landschapsarchitecten
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
0m
50 m
100 m
250 m
wonen en waterberging
SCHAAL 1:2500 verbeterd masterplan 01-’10
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
123
wonen en parkeren
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
geïsoleerd
eco-eiland
integratie wonen,
sport en parkeren
wonen en volkstuinen
lint
ecolint
volkstuinen
inen
de
er ‘‘erf’
erff’’
bijzonder
mgaard)
(boomgaard)
T
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
N
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
L
I
Z O
volkstuinen
O
minimale maat ecolint
n
C 30 m.
E
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
integratie wonen,
water en ecologie
Tramhalte
ecolint
N
EVZ 20 m.
T
EVZ 10 m.
I
wonen en ecologie
L
E
ecologische
verbindingszone
Easmusweg
richting Westlandse Zoom
EVZ 15 m.
bijzonder ‘erf’
bij
(boomgaard)
oom
oo
O
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
C
Z O
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
‘erf ’
bijzonderr ‘erf’
d)
(boomgaard)
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
Hoofdstructuur Erasmusveld Den Haag
N
H
S
Landschapsarchitecten
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
0m
50 m
100 m
250 m
wonen en waterberging
SCHAAL 1:2500 verbeterd masterplan 01-’10
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123
wonen en parkeren
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
geïsoleerd
eco-eiland
integratie wonen,
sport en parkeren
wonen en volkstuinen
lint
ecolint
volkstuinen
inen
de
er ‘‘erf’
erff’’
bijzonder
mgaard)
(boomgaard)
T
integratie wonen, volkstuinen en ecologie
N
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
L
I
Z O
volkstuinen
O
minimale maat ecolint
n
C 30 m.
E
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
integratie wonen,
water en ecologie
Tramhalte
ecolint
N
EVZ 20 m.
T
EVZ 10 m.
I
wonen en ecologie
L
E
ecologische
verbindingszone
Easmusweg
richting Westlandse Zoom
EVZ 15 m.
bijzonder ‘erf’
bij
(boomgaard)
oom
oo
O
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
C
Z O
N
N
A
E P
D
laan
‘erf ’
bijzonderr ‘erf’
d)
(boomgaard)
minimale maat EVZ 30 m.
Hoofdstructuur Erasmusveld Den Haag
N
H
S
Landschapsarchitecten
ecopassage richting ecologische
structuur Wateringse Veld
0m
50 m
100 m
250 m
wonen en waterberging
SCHAAL 1:2500 verbeterd masterplan 01-’10
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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City
people & nature
Urban Agriculture; near the ‘Dakenpark’ Rotterdam, Delfshaven/Nieuw Mathenesse (the Netherlands)
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Westflank, Haarlemmermeer (Netherlands)
(Netherlands)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
126
Future Policy Agendas
Should be based on the following axioms (1.3):
•
Giving communities more powers; to encourage a more ‘organic’
agency response with higher levels of social learning between
individuals within their communities and a more collective response
to energy, resources and climate issues et cetera.
•
Encouraging people to take an active role in their communities;
empowerment through a greater sense of ownership, e.g. by
encouraging more decentralized energy generation, which could be
owned and run by communities themselves.
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
128
Future Policy Agendas
Should be based on the following axioms (2.3):
•
Transfer of power from central government to local government;
addressing issues of ‘trust’ in relation to the role of government and
business by a continued devolvement of responsibility down to the
local level, encouraging ‘grass-roots’ politics around energy and
climate issues.
•
Supporting co-ops, mutual charities and social enterprises (individual
and community entrepreneurship); support by governments of these
groups in realizing greater involvement in the running of public
services.
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
130
Future Policy Agendas
Should be based on the following axioms (3.3):
•
Communicate real-time data (including: use(r) feedback and
government data): Open (transparent) data will help to empower
individuals and communities to respond to changes in circumstances
more precisely, leading to a more custom-made and effective
approach with support of short circuit economies.
•
Redevelop resilient reciprocities between Cities and hinterlands,
through smart decentralized (though interconnected) grids and
DESAeR facilities and services (based on energy cascading and
lokalized nutrients, waste and water cycles).
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
132
Towards a F4 NEXUS & ReciproCities
in 3D... from the perspective of sustainable development
Why?
Strategic
Do the
right things...
What?
Tactic
Do the things
right...
How?
Operational
Do so on the
right moment...
When?
Toekomst
Future value
waarde
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
133
4.
‘when’ ...
Sustainable Urban Transformations
towards a F4NEXUS in 34Dimensions
closing energy, water, nutrient and material cycles in built environments
GreenBlue Environments: Spatial Strategies • 17 December 2013 • Minor bk7250 • A.van Timmeren Bk/U/EtD
2
Towards a F4 NEXUS & ReciproCities
from the perspectieve of sustainable development
Further focus on transformations of spatial quality; regarding the 3
‘physical urban planning layers’: underground / networks / occupation
In urban planning and DESAeR translated towards ‘resilience’ & flexibility :
from (static) ordening towards (dynamic) control
from planed infill/arrangements towards development;
from (quantitative) program allocation towards (qualitative) planning of conditions;
from growth towards transformation; and
from spatial plan towards research by design and strategic interventions.
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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FUTURE?
DIEMIGO research, D-INCERT/TRANSUMO, TU Delft 2009/2010
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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And adapt all your systems to it ...
DIEMIGO onderzoek, D-INCERT/TRANSUMO, TU Delft 2009/2010
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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Schiphol DIEMIGO Research Project
Elzenhof, the Grounds
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
140
Spatial & Environmental Quality > geodesign
Needs of Smart Cities ...
Current Challenges
towards ‘custom
made for the masses’
through geo design
and the connection
of data to use /
performance
e.g. here:
Noise landscape
and Urban climate
(UHI) in the
Amsterdam
Metropolitan Area
source: TU Delft 2014
Alex Wandl (Frank vd Hoeven)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
141
Spatial & Environmental Quality > geodesign
Coupled to three
time
– a2025
– 2050
NEXUS Milan
• March perspectives:
28-29 2014 • ReciproCities &2012
Closing Cycles:
dynamic equilibrium
• A.van Timmeren
th
1423
Spatial & Environmental Quality > geodesign
Needs of Smart Cities ... Current Challenges
smart connecting
of use & potentials
Hotspot zone
GAS
Greenport Aalsmeer
Symbiosis;
bio-based initiative
Possibilities of a collective local smart grid centred around biomass waste flows [Innoforte 2012]
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
143
Schiphol > Energy exchange hot spot
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
144
e-Mobility & (urban) energy neutrality
smart interfaces e-net (AC/DC) & devices (charging/storage)
k
or
tw
Ne
Ne
two
rk
CityCar Station B
(Rack & Kiosk)
k
tw
Ne
Scooter Station A
(Rack & Kiosk)
Computer
or
MobilityonDemand
Network
tw
Ne
or
k
k
or
tw
Ne
CityCar
(GPS enabled)
PDA/Cell
Phone
DIEMIGO 1.0 research TUD faculties (VC) Arch., EWI, TPM & IDe (2009-2010)
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
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RE Grid Design: AC versus DC coupling
Urbanism 2.0 : smart urban systems
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146
e-Mobility & (urban) energy neutrality
Urbanism 2.0 : smart urban systems
NEXUS Milan • March 28-29th 2014 • ReciproCities & Closing Cycles: a dynamic equilibrium • A.van Timmeren
147
e-Mobility & (urban) energy neutrality
Urbanism 2.0 : smart urban systems & integrated design
DIEMIGO 1.0 research TUD faculties (VC) Arch., EWI, TPM & IDe (2009-2010)
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e-Mobility & (urban) energy neutrality
interfaces e-net (AC/DC) & devices (contactless)
AC grid
DC grid
DIEMIGO 1.0 research TUD faculties (VC) Arch., EWI, TPM & IDe (2009-2010)
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Schiphol + EVs (I + C)= sustainable
Urban Indicator: dimensioning amount of EVs
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Design Scenarios IDe(+A)
affect on built environment
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Design Scenarios IDe(+A)
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Final Plan
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C O N C E P T H O U S E V I L LA G E >> Opening Concept House Prototype
Environmental Technology & Design • Green Building Innovation • prof.dr.ir. Arjan van Timmeren • 05.10.2012
eTd ψ
R’dam DIEMIGO 2.0 research project
DIEMIGO research, D-INCERT/TRANSUMO, TU Delft 2009/2010 & sequential research DIEMIGO2.0, Rotterdam Stadshavens (Koops, Stolk, Van Timmeren, 2011-2013)
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R’dam DIEMIGO 2.0 research project
DIEMIGO research, D-INCERT/TRANSUMO, TU Delft 2009/2010 & vervolg onderzoek DIEMIGO2.0, Rotterdam Stadshavens (Koops, Stolk, Van Timmeren, 2011/2012)
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Adapt ground surface level (and uses)
DIEMIGO research, D-INCERT/TRANSUMO, TU Delft 2009/2010 & vervolg onderzoek DIEMIGO2.0, Rotterdam Stadshavens (Koops, Stolk, Van Timmeren, 2011/2012)
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DIEMIGO research, D-INCERT/TRANSUMO, TU Delft 2009/2010 & vervolg onderzoek DIEMIGO2.0, Rotterdam Stadshavens (Koops, Stolk, Van Timmeren, 2011/2012)
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Prototype 2011
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Concept House prototype
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Concept House prototype > Concept House
affordable, energy positive & IFD based appartments
e.g.
EPC = 0
Villa
Local materials (masonry, reed)
45 m2 PV
LED lighting
Shower water heat recovery
Demand controled ventilation
Heat collectors, and Heat exchange/storage in soil
Heatpump
Low Temperature floor Heating
High insulation R values (low U)
‘Infohuis’ Oostindie, Leek NL [o.a. Nieman]
e.g.
EPC = – 0,2
e.g.
EPC = – 0,12
Villa
Small villa
cavity (concrete + masonry)
Cavity (Wood + masonry)
25 m2 PV
40 m2 PV(T)
LED lighting
2 micro-windturbines*
Hotfill washing machine
LED / economical appendages
Smart E-system
Conservatory
Balance Ventilation (mechan.) + Heat recovery
Balance Ventilation (mechan.) with Heat recovery
Heat exchange/storage in soil
Heat collectors
Heatpump
Heat exchange/storage in soil
Low Temperature floor Heating
Heatpump
High insulation R values (low U)
Low Temperature floor Heating
‘Energieplushuis’, Leusden, NL [o.a. Eneco]
High insulation R values
Kollum de Wirden, NL [a.o. VDM]
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Smart systems and multiple connections ...
& Zero-energy
Concept House / Concept House Village ; TUD GBi + Industrial partners
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Trial & Error ...
use(r) will be key factor !
“Most people like progress, fewer like changes ...”
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Sustainable Urban Transformations
... sumarizing ‘Smart’:
(Specific, Measureable, Acceptable, Realistic and Time-bound)
use of raw materials, waste production
S low
(slowing turnover time, cradle to cradle, solutions near source)
M oderate
consumption
(from a material towards a cultural lifestyle, from product to service)
A ccept
aging of functional objects
(‘regenerative design’, re-cycling or -preferably- up-cycling)
R espect
empowerment, user involvement and sources
(‘human capital’, participation / self-organisation)
T reasure
objects ‘as they are’, climate & quality of the specific place
(‘genius-loci’)
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h"p://etd.bk.tudel..nl
Contact:
prof.dr.ir. Arjan van Timmeren
(or: Dipl.ing.Alex Wandl Msc.)
Environmental Technology & Design
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Architecture
Department Urbanism
mail: A.vanTimmeren@tudelft.nl
(or: A.Wandl@tudelft.nl)
Tel. +31 15 2784991 / +31 6 39250977
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