The
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution: greatly
increased output of machine and
man-made goods that began in
England and spread through Europe
and the U.S. between the 18th and
19th centuries.
Traditional or Pre-Industrial Society
• What do you see here?
• How would you describe
how people are dressed?
• What are the people doing?
• How do they seem to feel
about their work?
• What might these people
enjoy or not enjoy about
their life-style?
“Enclosed” Fields
The Beginnings of Industrialization
Agricultural Revolution:
Farming in the Middle Ages
-Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming)
-Animals graze common pastures
Disadvantages
-Land used inefficiently and depleted of nutrients
-Farmers didn’t experiment with new methods
Forces for Change
-Population growing- more food needed
-French blockade-no corn-more food needed
CROP ROTATION
WHEAT
BARLEY
-Wealthy landowners buy up small farms, create enclosures.
-Small farmers become tenant farmers or factory workers in city.
-Jethro Tull’s seed drill, scatters seeds more efficiently.
-New Crop Rotation- Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop,
replenished by planting different crops (rotating).
MANOR
-Boosts food production, standard of living, and population.
TURNIPS
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
BEANS
•How might crop rotation affect agricultural production?
AND….
Clover
Turnips
Alfalfa
Food for
Livestock
in Winter
Healthier
animals
Clover
Clover
Turnips
Turnips
Alfalfa
Clover
Alfalfa
Clover
Turnips
Turnips
Clover
Alfalfa
AlfalfaTurnips
Clover
Alfalfa
Turnips
Clover
AlfalfaTurnips
Clover
Alfalfa
Turnips
Clover
AlfalfaTurnips
Alfalfa
Clover
Turnips
Alfalfa
And so it
goes….
Enclosure Movement
+
+
+
Crop Rotation
Seed Drill
=
Population Growth
Diverse Crops and
Healthy Animals
Why Britain Led the Industrial
Revolution
• What do you see?
• How are the pictures on
the left different from
those on the right?
• How many inventions
shown on the right have
changed or improved
life in Britain?
• For what purpose do
you think this lithograph
was created?
Why did the Industrial Revolution Begin
in Britain?
*Resources: Britain has extensive resources to
support production- water power and coal to fuel machines
-iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings.
-rivers for inland transportation
-harbors for merchant ships.
*Britain’s colonies provided market for new goods.
*Economic Strength and Stability:
-Economy, banks, and business people stimulate
investment.
- Britain has all four Factors of Production:
LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL, ENTREPENEURSHIP
* Rise of Capitalism: An economic system based on private
ownership, free competition, and profit.
The Textile Industry & Factory System
• What do you see here?
• What are the machines
doing?
• What are the workers
doing?
• What is the boy in the
machine doing?
• What might be the
advantages of factory
cotton spinning over
cottage-industry cotton
spinning?
Inventions
Textile: - several inventions modernize the cotton industry:
James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny
Improved Spinning
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
Separate Seeds from Cotton
Effects of Textile Factories in Britain:
Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hand produced items.
Majority of villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories
Steam Engine: Energy for the
Industrial Revolution
• What do you see here?
• What are the black rocks?
• Besides coal, what other
sources of energy do you
see in this painting?
• What other uses might
there be for a steam
engine besides pumping
water out of coal mines?
James Watt’s improved steam engine
Robert Fulton’s Steam Engine
Need For Energy:
-Early factories rely on horses, oxen, and water mills. Steam engine evolved in
response to the increasing need for power.
-Steam engines powered by coal.
-Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power.
-Steam power used where ever coal existed, increased textile production.
Early Steam Engines
How a steam engine works
http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam1.htm
Transportation
• What is happening here?
• How are the people
dressed?
• What are they doing?
• Why might they be
cheering?
• How is the locomotive
powered?
• What might the railroads
carry in their cars?
The Railroad
Richard Trevithick’s steam driven locomotive:
Early Steam Locomotive
Railroads change life in Britain:
-Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly and cheaply.
-Cheaper to transport goods, increases production and profits.
-Creates hundreds of thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners.
-Easier travel= more people working in city and vacationing in the country.
Later Locomotives
“The Great Land Serpent”
The struggles between railroad interests to build lines across private land provoked an
intense debate about the right to private property and the benefits to society as a whole
of limiting those rights. The cartoon offered a contemporary view of the railway's
invasion of the land
Railroads on the Continent
Urbanization
Growth of Industrial Cities
-For centuries, most Europeans had lived in rural areas. After 1800, the balance shifted to cities.
-Most of Europe’s urban areas at least doubled in population. (PULL FACTOR)
-Factories built near sources of energy.
1750
8 out of 10 English people lived in country
1850
5 out of 10 people lived in the country
Factory owners rushed to build workers’ housing, which was dark, poorly constructed, badly
ventilated, and over crowded.
In 1842 a farmer in a rural area could expect to live 38 yrs.
In 1842 a worker in the city of Manchester could expect to live only 17 yrs.
Working Conditions
Factory owners want to keep machines running
-workers work up to 16 hrs. a day- 6 days a week
Factories were dirty and dangerous
Workers risked losing limbs from machines or getting serious
lung and throat infections from hot polluted air. No programs
to help if injured.
Workers subjected to pressure, and even physical
punishment, in an effort to make them speed up production
Factories built “factory towns” offering cheap rent to
accompany low wages- trapping workers.
New Machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water.
Most dangerous conditions were in the coal mines.
Child Labor
Families depended on children to bring home an
income.
Children (as young as 4 yrs. old) earned little or
no pay.
Worked 12-14 hour days, often with no breaks.
Treatment was cruel. Children beaten and
punished.
Children were used for dangerous jobs because
they could fit into small spaces (coal mines), or
use their small arms and fingers to reach into
running machinery (often resulting injury or even
death).
A Young Glass Factory Worker
Girl in Textile Mill
Girls Labor in Sweatshops
Textile Mills work children 14 hour days
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Living Conditions
No plans, sanitary codes, sewer, building codes, or
adequate police protection.
Families often lived in one room. Buildings dark and
dirty.
Garbage collected in the streets.
Disease was widespread.
“Death’s Dispensary”
Cholera Epidemic
What do you see in this
picture?
Who are the people at
the bottom? At the top?
What message was the
artist trying to sent?
Class Structure
Revolution brought change in class structure.
Class Tensions
-Upper Class-Merchants and factory owners became
wealthy, regardless of land ownership.
-Rise of middle class- skilled workers, business people,
professionals, and wealthy farmers.
-Lower Class- the largest group
Workers being replaced by machines.
Lived in slums
No time for education means no social mobility
High crime rates
Positive effects of Revolution
•
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Created jobs
Contributed to wealth of nation
Technological progress and invention
Increased production of goods
Raised the standard of living
Hope of improvement in people’s lives
Healthier diets
Better housing
Cheaper, mass-produced clothing
Expanded education opportunities
Industrialization By 1850
Share in World Manufacturing Output:
1750-1900