CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY &
maintenance
CEM 417
SOURCES FROM slide:
MOHD AMIZAN MOHAMD
MOHD FADZIL ARSHAD
SITI RASHIDAH MOHD NASIR
FKA, UiTM Shah Alam.
WEEK 6
Construction Plants
WEEK 6
CONSTRUCTION
PLANTS
- Principles and factors of plant selections
- Types, functions and capabilities of moving machines
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of week 3 lectures, student will be able to :
-
Describe the principles and factors of plant selections.
(CO1; CO2; CO3)
-
Identify various types of construction equipments, i.e.,
moving, stationary, compaction and lifting machines.
(CO1; CO2)
-
Identify the types, functions, capabilities and selections
of moving machines. (CO2; CO3)
CONSTRUCTION PLANT

THREE PINCIPLE CONSIDERATIONS:
Technical efficiency
Ability
 Requirement
 Correct specification
 timeframe


Commercial and financial ability


Cost
Availability
Supplier (location and numbers of supplier)
 within the timeframe

FACTORS SELECTING EQUIPMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The function to be carried out
Standard or special types of equipment
Capacity of the equipment
Method of operation
Replacement of parts
Maintenance and repairs
Investment costs
Operating cost
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
Used to ground leveling and bulk
earthmoving. Divided into two : Moving Machines Bulldozers, loaders, scrapers, graders
and trenching machines
 The excavated material is removed,
transported and deposited
 For removal of large of earth
 Stationary machines
 Face shovels, backhoes, draglines and grabs
 The excavator loosens the soil and loads without changing
position
 Loss of mobility compared to scrapers and bucket loaders
 More force may be applied

Equipment of Earthwork Plant
COMPONENTS OF
APPLICABLE TYPES OF PLANT
WORK
Clearing and grubbing
Bulldozer, rake- dozer
Excavation
Shovels (power shove ,back hoe, dragline, clamshell), tractor –
shovel, bulldozer, ripper, breaker
Loading
Shovels (power shovel, backhoe, dragline, clamshell), tractorshovel, bucket wheel excavator
Excavation and loading
Shovels (power shovel, backhoe, dragline, clamshell), tractorshovel, bucket wheel excavator
Excavation and hauling
Bulldozer, scrape-dozer ,scraper
Hauling
Bulldozer , dump truck, belt conveyer
Spreading and grading
Bulldozer, motor grader
Compaction
Pneumatic-tired roller, tamping roller, vibrating roller, road roller,
vibrating compacter, rammer, tamper, bulldozer
Blasting
Drilling (crawler, pneumatic,hydraulic), air compressor, lorry
MOVING POSITION MACHINES
 Bulldozers
and angledozers
 High powered tractors with caterpillar or crawler tracks
 Fitted with a mould board or blade at the front for
stripping top soil, clearing vegetation and oversite
excavations up to depth of 400 mm
Work by pushing the
material ahead of the
machine
 Also for opening up
pilot roads, spreading
and grading

MOVING MACHINE BULLDOZERS AND ANGLEDOZERS
 For
back filling operations the angledozer
with its mould board set at an angle (in plan)
to the machine center line can be used
 Assembled in two separate sections

base frame
Attached with dozer blade, drive sprockets (a
projecting tooth on a wheel or cylinder that engages
with the links of a chain or with perforations in film
to make the chain or film move forward) and
 rollers for the track and support for the upper body


Superstructure

Engine, transmission, hydraulics, cab and controls
(mounted on the base frame)
MOVING MACHINE CRAWLER TRACKS

Advantages





Ability to deliver greater effort especially
in operating on soft footing such as loose
soil or muddy soil
Ability to travel over muddy surface
Ability to operate in rocky formations
where rubber tires might be seriously
damaged
Greater floatation because of the lower
pressure under the tracks
Greater versatility on jobs
MOVING MACHINE –
WHEEL MOUNTED
 Advantages:




Higher travel speeds on the job or from one job to
another
Elimination of hauling equipment to transport the
bulldozer to a job
Greater output especially when considerable
travelling is necessary
Less operator fatigue
Ability to travel on paved highways without
damaging the surface
MOVING MACHINE - CABLE
CONTROL

Advantages :Simplicity of installation and operation
 Simplicity of repairing the controls
 Reduction in the danger of damaging a machine , as the
blade can be move up and ride over a rigid obstruction such
as heavy boulder

MOVING MACHINE -HYDRAULIC
CONTROL

Advantages: Ability to produce a high down pressure on the blade
in addition to its weight to force the blade into the
ground
 Ability to maintain a more precise setting of the
position of the blade

BLADES USED

Types of blades : 




Straight ‘S’ blade
Universal ‘U’ blade
Angle ‘A’ blade
Cushion ‘C’ blade
Rake
STRAIGHT ‘S’ BLADE
 Used
for heavy work
 Most versatile bulldozer
 Equipped with a push plate
effectively used for loading
scraper
 Most blade are curved, but the
section perpendicular to the line of
push is straight
 The maximum of push should not
exceed 100m as the machine is
uneconomical for earth moving
over a greater distance
‘S’ Straight Blade
UNIVERSAL ‘U’ BLADE
 The
blade in cross-section has a much deeper
curvature, almost a ‘u’ shape
 Efficient for moving big loads over long distance as
in land clearing, stockpile work and pushing up for
loading
 Shall combined with a tilt cylinder to improves its
ability to ditch, pry out and level
 Effecting to light flowing type of soil
ANGLE ‘A’ BLADE
 The
blade in plan view is angled
 Can also be positioned straight or angled 25
degrees to either side
 Designed for side casting, backfilling and other
similar tasks
 Can reduce the amount of manoeuvring required
to do this job
CUSHION ‘C’ BLADE
 Used
on a large tractors for on-the-go push loading
 Rubber cushion allow the dozer to absorb the
impact of contacting a scraper push block and
effective travelling speed is up to 5 km/h
 When not push loading, the dozer can be used for
general dozing jobs
RAKE
 A blade
consisting a
heavy duty ribs which
retained coarse rock,
roots etc, but allow finer
material to pass through
 Used
in digging and
pushing stumps and rock
and also in spreading of
rock rip-rap
Rib
FACTORS INFLUENCING
SELECTION OF BLADES
Type of material to be moved

Particles size and the shape of materials to be moved
 Rounded particles tend to roll and required a tractor of
lesser power than for angular particles
2. Voids ratios of the soil in the bank or undisturbed
condition
 A soil with small voids will be well bonded and difficult
to move until the material is loosened
3. Moisture content of the soil greatly affects the pushing
forces required
 Soils with high moisture content levels such as clay tend
to be heavy and required large pushing effort
4. Size of machine and the traction capabilities
1.
MOVING MACHINE SCRAPERS
The piece of plants consist of a power unit and a
scraper bowl
 used to excavate and transport soil where surface
stripping, site levelling, light clearing, rough and fine
grading, bank sloping, ditching/channel and cut and
fill activities
 Particularly for large volumes
 Produce a very smooth and accurate formation level

MOVING MACHINE SCRAPERS
Three basic types: Crawler-drawn scraper
 Two-axle scraper
 Three-axle scraper

CRAWLER-DRAWN SCRAPER
Has truck and gooseneck arrangement
 Consist of four-wheeled scraper bowl towed
behind a crawler power unit
 Hauling speed - less than 8 km/h
 Scraping speed – less than 3 km/h

WHEEL SCRAPER

Is an integrated self-propelled unit

Two-axle
have two wheeled power unit has advantages over its four
wheeled power unit or three axle due to its manoeuvrable
 Offers less rolling resistance and has better traction since
the engine is mounted closer to the driving wheels


Three-axle

Advantages of being able to use its top speed more
frequently, generally easier to control and power unit can
be used for other activities which is not possible with most
two-axle
LOADING OF SCRAPERS

Scrapers are loaded by the
following methods:




Self loading in loose soils
Push loaded by crawler tractor
Elevating self loading
Push pull
Top loaded by hydraulic excavator or front end loader
SCRAPER CUTTING BLADE
a. Standard Blade – used for fine
grading and finishing and for
general earthmoving operations
where the soils are not too stiff or
hard
b. Drop Centre Blade – Operates in
broad range of soil and for
stripping grass and root bound
soils. The centre section is dropped
so as to prevents the dam up of the
materials inside the bowl when
loading and unloading.
c. Double Drop Centre Blade – Used
in heavy clay or where the material
has a tendency to loosed in sheets.
d. Drop Centre Tooth Mounted Blade
– operates efficiently on material
which are hard or crusty.
Cutting Blade for Scraper
MOVING MACHINE - GRADERS
 Similar
to bulldozers – have an adjustable
mould blade fitted either at the front of the
machine or slung under the centre of the
machine’s body
 Use for finishing fine limits large areas of
ground which has been scraped or bulldozed
to the required formation level
 Can only be used to grade the surface since
their low motive power is insufficient to
enable them to be used for oversite
excavation work
 Classified by number of driving wheels
TYPES OF GRADERS
- SIX WHEELED DRIVE GRADERS


Extremely good manoeuvrability and best for heavy work
Poor underfoot conditions
Mouldboard lifting
Leaning wheel
Drawbar
Blade (Mouldboard)
TYPES OF GRADERS
- FOUR WHEELED DRIVE GRADERS
 High
traction for their weight
 Require a wider working path and operators
need to learn unusual operating techniques to
make use of their superior potential
TYPES OF GRADERS
- ARTICULATED GRADERS
Able to pivot in the middle
 Smaller turning radius- so can turn in much
quicker time
 Three modes of operations

Straight mode
 Articulated mode - allows turning
 Crab mode – rear driving wheels to remain firm
ground while the machine cuts banks, side slopes or
ditches

ARTICULATED GRADER POSITION
BLADES FOR GRADERS
Consists of a curved mould board ranging between 3 to
5 m long with replaceable ages on sides and bottom
 Used for:

Levelling and trimming on the horizontal
 Levelling and trimming to the slope and vertical face
 Forming ditches
 Backfilling along trenches

MOVING MACHINE - TRACTOR
SHOVELS/LOADERS





Sometimes called a loading shovel or front-end loader
Basically in the form of wheeled or crawler tracked tractor
with a hydraulically controlled general purpose bucket
mounted in front of the vehicle
Primary function to scope and loose material in the bucket,
raise the loaded spoil and manoeuvre into a position to
discharge its load into an attendant lorry or dumper
Can also transport, spread and compact fill material
depending upon the mounted attachments
The tractor shovel is driven towards the spoil heap with its
bucket lowered almost to ground level and uses its own
momentum to force the bucket to bite into the spoil heap thus
filling the scoop or bucket
MOVING MACHINE - BUCKETS FOR
LOADER






Design with long, flat floors to
enables them to penetrate the
most tightly packed stockpiles
Built for optimum payload and
road retention
Faster cycle times lower
operating costs
Flexibility to match with the job
Increased production and
optimum performance
Two types:

General purpose buckets
Penetration bucket
MOVING MACHINE BUCKETS FOR LOADER
Buckets for loader
GENERAL PURPOSE BUCKETS



Use in most application
Equipped with bolt-on teeth, bolt with reversible cutting edge
or bolt on tooth and segments
Use spade-edge bucket for rock digging to improves ability
PENETRATION BUCKET
•
•
•
Use for material requiring
moderate breakout and impact
forces
E.g grading or stripping top soil
Flat floor
Flush mounted
weld-on teeth
Cutting edge is equipped with
weld-on, flush-mounted teeth
adapters and integral corner
teeth adopters
Tip Options
Curved, sharp side bar
Tooth Options
COMBINATION FOUR-IN ONE BUCKET
Is the most favourable
 Can be set in the scrapper position, bulldozing
position, spreading and levelling and back dragging

COMBINATION FOUR-IN ONE BUCKET

Consist of two major segments:The rear segments is a dozer blade with a straight cutting
edge
 The front segment is hydraulically operated calm with a
straight cutting edge at the front, equipped with digging
teeth

Front
segment
Rear
segment