Biome Review and
MORE!!!
Aquatic Biomes
 Estuaries
 Semi – enclosed areas where rivers flow
into the ocean.
 Because rivers carry a large amount of
sediments and nutrients, they are
extremely fertile areas. Oysters, young
fish, crabs and more thrive here.
aquatic biome a biome that includes all
organisms that
live within fresh water or salt water
 Freshwater
these habitats include ponds, streams,
lakes, rivers and wetlands; they are
called “freshwater” because of the low
amount of salt In the water
 Lakes large bodies of water that are
surrounded by land
 Ponds small bodies of water that are
surrounded by land
Lake zonation
 Littoral- closest to shore
 Limnetic- open water
 Euphotic- area under water that receives
light
 Benthic- bottom
 WETLANDS large areas of shallow water; also
known as swamps
 STREAMS small bodies of freshwater moving in
one
direction
 Rivers large bodies of freshwater moving in one
direction
 Marine saltwater habitats
 Oceans the largest marine biome in the world
Oceanic Zones
Zone
Description
Aphotic
Depths where less than 1% of light can reach
Benthic
Lowest level of a body of water
Disphotic
Zone that is dimly lit and does not have enough light to carry
out photosynthesis
Neritic
From low tide to the edge of the continental shelf, well
oxygenated due to photosynthesis
Oceanic
Open sea
Euphotic
Depth of water exposed to sunlight in open ocean.
 Intertidal Zone
 An area of the ocean between the hightide mark and the low-tide mark.
 Always changing with the tides, so
organisms living here must be able to
adapt rapidly. Sand dollars, sea gulls,
barnacles, hermit crabs, and more thrive
in this biome.
 Neritic Zone
 Near-shore part of the ocean that
extends out over the continental shelf.
 Relatively stable, it is teaming with life.
Coral reefs are found here, homes for
corals, seaweeds, fish, starfish, sharks,
sponges, octopi, and more.
Land Biomes
 Tundra
 Cold, dry, mostly treeless land biome that
encircles the Arctic Ocean.
 Most of the soil remains frozen year round so
plants, such as grasses, mosses and small
shrubs, are short plants with shallow roots.
Animals are adapted to survive long winters
and short breeding seasons. Lemmings,
caribou, polar bears, and various birds and
insects live here.
 Temperate Deciduous Forest
 A biome with a temperate climate and is
characterized by deciduous trees.
 Trees that drop their leaves each year.
Some of these trees include oaks,
hickories, and elms. There is a large
variety of tree-dwelling species, such as
woodpeckers, squirrels, and owls.
 Tropical Rain Forest
 Warm, wet biomes that have more biodiversity
than any other ecosystem in the world.
 More than 100 different kinds of trees can be
found. Thousands of different species of birds,
bats, insects, monkeys. All of these species
are able to live directly or indirectly off of the
wide variety of plant life.
 Grasslands
 Biomes in which the main types of plants
are grasses.
 Soil is usually deep and fertile, but the
climate is often too dry to support a
forest. Animals such as bison, antelope,
gophers, rabbits.
 Desert
 Dry environments that generally receive
less than 25 cm of rain annually.
 Some support no plant life at all, others
support cacti and other water-conserving
plants. Lizards, snakes, spiders,
scorpions, camels and jack rabbits can
be found here.
Which of the following organisms would
most likely live in an estuary?

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A. coral
B. shark
C. oyster
D. sand dollar
Which of the following organisms would
most likely live in an estuary?




A. coral
B. shark
C. oyster
D. sand dollar
Which kind of environment would cacti
most likely be found in?

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A. hot, dry environment
B. hot, wet environment
C. cold, dry environment
D. cold, wet environment
Which kind of environment would cacti
most likely be found in?




A. hot, dry environment
B. hot, wet environment
C. cold, dry environment
D. cold, wet environment
Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a grassland environment?


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A. moose
B. gorilla
C. squirrel
D. prairie dog
Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a grassland environment?




A. moose
B. gorilla
C. squirrel
D. prairie dog
What kinds of organisms would be found
living in a tundra?
 A. organisms that are adapted to live in
the cold
 B. organisms that are adapted to live at
high altitudes
 C. organisms that are adapted to live in
wet conditions
 D. organisms that are adapted to live in
sunny conditions
What kinds of organisms would be found
living in a tundra?
 A. organisms that are adapted to live
in the cold
 B. organisms that are adapted to live at
high altitudes
 C. organisms that are adapted to live in
wet conditions
 D. organisms that are adapted to live in
sunny conditions
Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a temperature deciduous forest?


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A. cactus
B. palm
C. maple tree
D. banana tree
Which of the following organisms would most
likely live in a temperature deciduous forest?



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A. cactus
B. palm
C. maple tree
D. banana tree
Why are trees not able to grow in most
grasslands?

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A. the climate is too dry
B. the climate is too wet
C. the climate is too cold
D. the climate is too warm
Why are trees not able to grow in most
grasslands?




A. the climate is too dry
B. the climate is too wet
C. the climate is too cold
D. the climate is too warm
Writing FRQ’s- WRITE ON PINK…
LOOK AT GREEN
 Each sentence that you write (or most) should be
composed in the format
 Which…therefore…that
 Practice: Do cigarettes cause cancer?
 Don’t bullet, write full sentences!!
 Start with the one you know LEAST about and write
SOMETHING
 Work your way to the one you know most about so you
don’t run out of TIME!!
 If questions asks for 2, only GIVE 2!!
 Don’t write an intro sentence…JUST ANSWER THE
QUESTION!!
TROUBLE AREAS…
 CONNECTIONS
 Example: Eutrification: when runoff of
nutrients from fertilizers increases
nutrients in water systems like ponds
increases algae growth DECAY lowers
Dissolved Oxygen
Example:
 Global Warming: when increased burning of
fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide above
normal amounts of thermal heat is trapped in
the troposphere and less C is stored in water
as water temperatures increase global
temperatures rise and water gets more acidic
as carbonic acid (H2CO3) forms in water
GHG review
 The major greenhouse gases in the lower
atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
 These gases have always been present in
the earth’s troposphere in varying
concentrations.
 GHG’s absorb and emit radiation
Effects of Higher
CO2 Levels on Photosynthesis
 Increased CO2 in the troposphere can
increase plant photosynthesis (PS) but:
 The increase in PS would slow as the plants
reach maturity.
 Carbon stored by the plants would be returned to
the atmosphere as CO2 when the plants die.
 Increased PS decreases the amount of carbon
stored in the soil.
 Tree growth may temporarily slow CO2 emissions
in the S. Hemisphere but is likely to increase CO2
emissions in the N. Hemisphere.
OZONE DEPLETION IN THE
STRATOSPHERE
 Less ozone in the stratosphere allows for
more harmful UV radiation to reach the
earth’s surface.
 The ozone layer keeps about 95% of the sun’s
harmful UV radiation from reaching the earth’s
surface.
 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) have lowered the
average concentrations of ozone in the
stratosphere.
 Refrigerator coolant
 Aerosol cans
Ozone Depletion summary
 UV light hits a CFC breaking off a
chlorine atom
 The chlorine atom attacks an Ozone
molecule (O3)
 The chlorine breaks apart the ozone
making O2 and ClO
 A free O atom pulls the O off the ClO to
put Cl back in the atmosphere to destroy
more ozone.
Math- Dimensional
Analysis and Scientific
Notation
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

PRACTICE!!
3 X 103=
M X M=
M3/m=
Some formulas…
 Crude Birth Rate= # of live births/1000
 Crude Death Rate= # of deaths/1000
 Usually asks per 10,000
 DON’T FORGET TO DIVIDE BY 10
 Growth Rate (r)= (B+I) –(D+E)
Total pop.
 Rule of 70= 70/r (as a percent) OR
0.70/r (as a decimal)
Some pollutants
Pollutant
Origin
Location
Environm
ental
impact
Human
health
Formalde
hyde
Textiles,
building
materials
Indoor air
pollutant
Little
Neurologic Use
al
alternative
problems
Lead
Paint, gas
Indoor and Bioaccumu Neurologic
outdoor
lation
al damage
Ban lead
Phytoreme
diation
(sunflower
s)
Carbon
monoxide
Incomplete
combustion
Outdoor
and indoor
Electric
vehicles,
improve
efficiency
of motor
vehicles,
don’t burn
CO
monitors in
homes,
improve
ventilation
Creates
smog
(groundlevel O3)
Binds to
hemoglobi
n and
reduces
the
amount of
Oxygen to
Preventio
n
remediati
on
ventilate
Some diseases…
Water
Vector
NonEncephal
transmissi opathy's
ble
Respirator Blood
y
born
E. coli
Dengue
(m)
Diabetes
Prion
Tuberculos HIV
is
Cholera
Lyme (t)
Birth
defects
Bovine
Influenza
Dysentery
West Nile
(m)
Neural
tube
Typhus
Malaria
(m)
Cancer
giardia
Yellow
fever (m)
Emphazema
Bronchitis/
asthma
SARS
LD50 (LC50)- lethal dose
(concentration) of ½ the
total population
 Where x =
concentration of toxin
 Where y=
percentage deaths
 Usually given in
mg/Kg or µg/Kg
Helpful Hints
 Economics= jobs
 Encourage public
education
 Saying “nutrients” or
“pollution” is TOO
VAGUE!!
 Say “nitrates, nitrites,
phosphorus” or “Sox,
Nox, Carbon
monoxide,
tropospheric ozone
 Always a FRQ about
 Pollution
 Energy
 Renewable vs.
Nonrenewable vs.
Perpetual Resources
 What is the
difference between
electricity and
energy?
Laws of Thermodynamics
 1st: energy cannot be created or
destroyed
 2nd: energy conversions can NEVER be
100% without loss of some energy
Non-renewable
Energy
Type
Description
Pros
Cons
Clean coal
Washing the coal
to remove sulfur
compounds and
carbon dioxide
Lots of coal in US
Expensive to
“clean” coal,
cheaper to just
burn
Methane hydrates
Found trapped
under permafrost
and under sea
floors
Could supply
energy needs for
1000’s of years
Methane leaks
common and
increase GHG’s
Oil Shale- kerogen
Heated (minus
air)= oil
Lots in US
obtain through
surface mining
which degrades
land, net energy
low because
energy to drill,
blast, dispose of
wastes, heating
Tar Sands- bitumen Semisolid form of
Lots in Canada that Obtain through
Nonrenewable Energy
Type
Description
Pros
Cons
Oil
Petroleum must
be drilled. Most
found in Middle
East
Inexpensive,
easy to transport
through pipes,
high net energy,
versatile
Limited supplies,
oil spills, pollution
(Sox, Nox, CO2),
political problems
with Mid. East
Natural Gas
Most in Russia,
burn cleaner,
found
underground
Easy to transport,
inexpensive, high
net energy,
produces less
pollution
H2S and SO2
released during
processing,
leakage of CH4
has great impact
on global
warming
Nuclear
Using fissionable
isotopes such as
U-235 to produce
energy
No air pollution,
water pollution
low, disruption of
land low
Nuclear wastes
take millions of
years to degrade,
safety concerns
Renewable Energy
Type
Description
Pros
Cons
Hydroelectric
Using moving
water to turn a
turbine to run a
generator
Dams control
flooding
downstream, low
operating costs,
no polluting, long
life span,
recreation area
Flood areas
behind dam,
dams destroy
wildlife habitats,
sedimentation
stops and cannot
enrich land,
destroys wild
rivers, water loss
Solar
Active vs.
Passive
Limitless energy
supply, little
pollution
Inefficient in
some areas,
maintenance is
high, low
efficiency
Hydrogen fuel
cells
Hydrogen and
oxygen move
over cathodes
and anodes.
Waste product is
water, use water
to obtain
hydrogen,
Takes energy to
produce
hydrogen,
expensive to
Renewable energy
Type
Description
Pros
Cons
Biomass Using C-based substance
(wood, manure, charcoal,
bagasse, switchgrass, corn,
sugarcane) to make ethanol,
methanol, biodiesel
Renewable IF used
sustainably,
biomass plantations
can be located in
undesirable
locations, could
supply half of
world’s electricity
Requires adequate
water, fertilizer
(which harm
environment),
expensive to
transport, massive
deforestation
Wind
Using wind to turn turbine
blades to run a generator
All electrical needs
could be met by
wind in US, wind
farms quickly built,
high net energy
yield, no pollution
Steady wind is
needed, backup
systems needed,
interfere with bird
flight patterns noise
pollution
Ocean
waves,
tidal
Tides/waves spinning turbines
to run a generator
No pollution, low
environmental
impact, net yield
moderate
Expensive
construction, few
suitable sites,
equipment
Renewable energy
Geothermal
Heat
underground
heating water or
dry steam drive
turbines
Moderate net
energy, limitless
and reliable,
little air
pollution, low
costs
Reservoir sites
scarce, noise,
odor, thermal
wastes degrade
ecosystems,
expensive to
install
Vocabulary
 Anthracite- hard coal, low sulfur content
 Bituminous- soft coal, high sulfur content
 Bitumen- tar sand (combustable organic
material)
Pollution
Type
Source
Human health
Environment
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)nitric acid
Fuels burned at
high temps
Lung
irritation/damage
Suppresses plant
growth
Ozone (O3)smog
Sun reacting with
Nox and VOCs in
the air
Lung
irritation/damage,
bronchitis
Damages plants,
rubber, plastics
PAN (Peroxyacyl
nitrates)
Hydrocarbons
reacting with
Oxygen and NO2
with light
Eye irritation
Vegetation
damage
Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2) sulfuric
acid
Burning coal,
smelting metals
Asthma,
bronchitis
Reduces
productivity of
plants
Suspended
Burning, building
Particulate Matter materials
(PM10)
Mutagens,
teratogens,
carcinogens
Decreased
sunlight reaching
surface of earth
Volatile Organic
Respiratory
Smog, ozone
Paints, aerosols,
Succession
Type
Description
Allogenic
Changes in the environment making it possible for plants to
grow
Primary
The colonization and establishment of pioneer plant species
on bare ground/rock. (lichens)
Progressive
Communities become more complex as species diversity
increases
Retrogressive Environment deteriorates and results in less biodiversity
Secondary
Begins in an area where the natural community has been
disturbed but topsoil remains (forest fires)
Some Ecology Vocab.
Vocabulary
Description
Interspecific
different species living in the same area interacting
Intraspecific
Organisms within the same species interacting
Indicator species
A species that indicates the overall health of an area.
Ex. Frogs
K strategists
Have few young, must take care of young for a long
time, long gestation period, Large in size
R strategists
Have many young, don’t take care of young at all or for
a short time, short gestation period, small in size
Keystone species
A species that contributes to the diversity of life and
whose extinction would cause the extinction of others.
Ex. Grizzly bear, sea stars, sea otters, prairie dogs
Endangered
species
Species that have low numbers, live in only a few areas
around the world, have few young in their lifetime
Ex. Elephants, Bengal Tiger
Survivorship Curves
 Type I (man)/Late Loss: reproduce early
in life, low mortality at birth, high
probability of surviving to advanced age
 Type II (birds)/Constant Loss:
individuals in all age categories die at
constant rate, predation main form of
death
 Type III (oysters)/Early Loss: death
early in life, have lots of offspring
Why has population
continued to rise?
 More food due to GE
 Improvements in medical treatments and
technology
 Improvement in sanitation and personal
hygiene
 Safer water supplies
Replacement Level
Fertility vs. Total Fertility
Rate
 RLF
 About 2 in developed countries
 Greater than 2 for developing countries due
to infant mortality rate
 TFR
 World average 2.59
Soil Erosion
Type
Description
Sheet
Soil moves off as a horizontal layer
Rill
Fast-flowing water cuts small channels in the soil
Gully
Extreme case of rill erosion, channels increase in size and
depth
Desertification
Productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by at least
10% due to human activity or climate change
Salinization
Water not absorbed by soil, evaporates leaving salts on
topsoil
Waterlogging
Saturation of soil with water raising the water table
Reasons for Soil Erosion
 Cultivating land inappropriately
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Monoculture
Row cropping
Overgrazing
Improper plowing
 Burning native vegetation
 Deforestation
 Construction
Effects of Soil Erosion


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
Destroys soil profile
Decreases water holding capacity
Increases soil compaction
Soil quality decreases as soil is taken
away
 Droughts
Types of Rocks
 Igneous- formed by cooling and
classified by silica content. Found deep
underground (granite)
 Metamorphic- formed by intense heat
and pressure (diamond, marble, slate)
 Sedimentary- formed by piling and
cementing of various materials in lowlying areas (fossils formed here)