Chapter 14
WATER
Resources
Mr. Manskopf
Notes can also be found at
http://www.manskopf.com
Overarching Enduring
Understandings
Water is a limited natural
resource and we must be
vigilant in our protection
and conservation of this
resource.
How many
bodies of
water can you
identify/locate
?
Is there more
or less water
on Earth today
then there was
1 billion years
ago?
Goals for Chapter 11…
 Describe
where Earth’s water resources
are located.
 How is Earth’s water a limited resource?
 How can we manage our water resources
better?
 What are the main causes and impacts of
water pollution?
Next time you
take a drink,
think about
where that water
might have been
before.
Next time rain drops fall on you, think
about where that water might have been
just a few days ago.
Water is a powerful force on Earth’s surface
Water is critical to life…how long can you
survive without it?
It is a precious resource
we often take for
granted
It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as
the Xkeken cenote in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.
Why Does Ice Float?
Why is the ocean cool even when
its 100 degrees out?
How Can Water Make It All The
Way To The Top Of Trees
Water Is Unique
Can’t live without
 Takes long time to
change temperature
 Stays liquid over large
range of temps.
 Expands when freezes
 Great at dissolving
things
 Commonly found as
solid, liquid and gas

Section 1: Water Resources
GOALS:
 Describe the location of water on Earth’s
surface.
 How does the water cycle “work?”
 Explain why freshwater is a limited resource.
 TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed,
groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability,
recharge zone, water cycle
Water Cycle
Water Cycle
The continual process
by which water moves
through living and
nonliving parts of our
world.
 Solar Powered
 Renewable Resource
 “Steps” followed
Make up a story following a water
molecule through the water cycle
Where is water found?
• 71% of earth is covered in water
• 97% of that is in oceans
• Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in
ice caps and glaciers.
Why is water a limited resource?
Surface Water
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Fresh water on Earth’s
land
Rivers
Lakes
Streams
Ponds
Critical for: drinking,
transportation, waste
removal, industry, food,
farming, recreation
Delaware River
Watershed: an
area of land that
is drained by a
single river
• Bathtub analogy
• How can a farmer in
NY State Impact
drinking water in
Camden?
• Who should set
pollution laws LOCAL,
SATE, FEDERAL?
Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S.
How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in
Louisiana?
RIVER SYSTEM
Did You Know? The Mississippi River Basin covers 3 million
square kilometers (1.2 million sq mi), making it the third largest
watershed in the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the contiguous
US.
World’s River Systems and Watershed
Groundwater
Groundwater
Water beneath
Earth’s surface,
located in rocks,
sediment and soil
 Camden’s tap water
 How does it get
there?
 How can we use it?

Groundwater
What is a recharge zone?
Aquifer
Underground rock
formation
containing water
 Important source
of water

Aquifers
Porosity
 How
much space
(pores) or holes
found in rock
 Where water can
flow through
 Porous rock can
hold lots of water
Permeable vs. Impermeable
 The
ability of rock
or soil to allow
water to flow
through it
 Sand and gravel are
permeable
 Clay and blacktop
are impermeable
Permeable vs. Impermeable
What is a
geyser?
Section 1 REVIEW
Describe the location of water on Earth’s
surface.
 How does the water cycle “work?”
 Explain why freshwater is a limited
resource.
 TERMS: surface water, river system,
watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity,
permeability, recharge zone, water cycle
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Section 2 : Water Use and
Management
GOALS:
 Identify how water is used in home, industry and
agriculture.
 Explain how and why water is treated before coming
to your home.
 Describe ways to increase water supplies
 Identify ways to conserve water
 TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir,
desalinization
Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four
in the morning she can run down the rocks to the
river by starlight alone and climb the steep
mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of
water on her back. She has made this journey three
times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every
other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso
district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped
out of school when she was eight years old, in part
because she had to help her mother fetch water
from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe
to drink; every year that the ongoing drought
continues, the once mighty river grows more
exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever
had.
According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not
have access to clean, reliable fresh water
One third of all the people
on Earth are affected by
water shortages.
How Much Water Do You Use
Average person
in U.S. uses
about 80 gallons
a day
What can you learn from this chart?
How Much Water Is Needed
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/envir
onment/freshwater/embedded-water/
Your water footprint
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/envir
onment/freshwater/water-footprint-calculator/
Making Water Safe
Potable: safe to drink
Most water needs to be
treated
Pathogens: organisms
that cause diseases
Bacteria, viruses,
worms
Uses of Water
Industrial Water Use
 19% of worldwide
water use
 Cooling power
plants
 To make “stuff”
Uses of Water
Agriculture:
 67% of worldwide
water use
 Irrigation: providing
water to plants
 80 gallons to produce
1 ear of corn
 1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.
 LOTS OF WATER
Irrigation
Irrigation
As much as
80% normally
evaporates
Drip Irrigation,
reduces that number
greatly
Water Management
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Humans have
altered water flow
for thousands of
years
Engineering
Dams, canals, pipes,
towers bring water
to where it is needed
California aqueduct
brings water hundreds
of miles, across deserts,
mountains
Dams and Reservoirs
Reservoir: an artificial
lake often behind a
dam
Dams:
 Flood control
 Recreation
 Supply water
 Generate electricity
Pros and Cons of Dams
Downstream cropland and
estuaries are deprived of
nutrient-rich silt
Flooded land destroys
forests or cropland and
displaces people
Large losses
of water through
evaporation
Downstream flooding
is reduced
Reservoir is useful for
recreation and fishing
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)
Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted
Provides water
for year-round
irrigation of
cropland
Desalinization
Removing salt from
salt water
 Has a lot of promise
 Very energy
intensive
 Very expensive
 What to do with
waste?
 Future?
Water Conservation
Fastest, easiest way to
increase water supplies
is to use less water
 Agriculture
 Industry
 At home
What are some ways you
can conserve water?
Too Much Water: Floods
Natural Events: heavy
rainfall, melting snow
are major causes of
flooding.
Floodplain: the natural
area around a river
where flooding
normally occurs.
Too Much Water: Floods
Flooding Worsens
With Human
Impacts:
 Removing wetlands
 Building levees
 Making more land
impermeable
(development)
Section 2 Review
Identify how water is used in home, industry
and agriculture.
 Explain how and why water is treated before
coming to your home.
 Describe ways to increase water supplies
 Identify ways to conserve water
 TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir,
desalinization

Section 3: Water Pollution
GOALS:
 Compare point-sources and non-point sources
of water pollution
 Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution
 Explain why it is difficult to clean up
groundwater
 What does the Clean Water Act do?
 TERMS: water pollution, point-source, nonpoint source, wastewater, biomagnification,
eutrophication
Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.
Water Pollution and Health
WHO:
 3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
 1.9 million from
diarrhea
 U.S. 1.5 million illnesses
 1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick
What is Water Pollution?
Water Pollution: is the
introduction of
chemical, physical, or
biological substances
that affects organisms
that depend upon it
 Many types of water
pollution
Point Source
Pollution coming from
one single place
 Leaking tanker
 Pipe from a factory
 Leaking underground
storage tank
 Can easily be ID and
traced
Point Sources are
usually easily identified
Non-Point Source
Comes from various
sources that are hard to
identify and may be
spread over a large area
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Runoff from farms
Runoff from cities
Hard to ID
Hard t o control
HUGE PROBLEM
How can a farmer in
MT affect a shrimp
farmer in Louisiana?
NON-Point
Types of Water Pollution
1) Wastewater
Water that flows down
the drain
 What’s in it?
 Where does it go?
(out-of-sight, out-ofmind)
 Is it harmful?
Wastewater Treatment
2) Eutrophication
Too many nutrients
(nitrogen and
phosphorous) in the
water causes algal
blooms and decreased
oxygen in water
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Causes “dead zones” in
water
Little or no oxygen
3) Thermal Pollution
Occurs when
temperature of water
rises rapidly
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Power plants
Factories cooling
equipment
Causes fish kills
Decreases oxygen in
water
4) Groundwater Pollution
Pollution that
percolates down from
land or surface water
pollution
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Fertilizers, pesticides,
leaking underground
tanks
Many leaking
underground tanks
What would make groundwater
pollution hard to clean up?
5) Ocean Pollution
Pollutants directly or
indirectly put into
oceans
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Oil spills
Runoff
River pollution
Cruise Ships
Development along coasts
Increasingly a problem
6) Sediment Pollution
Unusually large amounts
of sediment that change
an aquatic environment
Sediment
pollution
results from erosion.
Can
degrade water
quality, cause
photosynthesis rates to
decline, and disrupt
food webs
Cleaning Up Water Pollution
1969 Cuyahoga River in
Cleveland caught fire
1972 Congress passes Clean
Water Act
1970s Environmental
Activism/Awareness
Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and
maintain the physical, chemical and biological
integrity of the nation’s water.”
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Fishable and Swim able
Better, but… still many polluted water bodies
Safe Drinking Water Act
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54 countries have
drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water standards
Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)