16
Green Buildings
绿色建筑
New buildings or civil engineering projects
（工程项目）
Improve our lives
Long-lasting effects on the wider environment
This chapter suggests
how the correct design and
use of buildings
can make improvements to our wider environment
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
Climate around buildings 建筑周边气候
Resources for buildings 建筑（消耗的）资源
Energy conservation 建筑节能
Pollution 污染
Sick and healthy buildings 病态和健康建筑
Future buildings 未来建筑
16.1 Climate around buildings
建筑周边气候
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A reason for the existence of a building is to provide
shelter掩蔽处 from the climate,
the cold and the heat, the wind and the rain.
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The climate for a building is the set of
environmental conditions
which surround a building and links to the inside
of a building
by means of heat transfer.
大气
长波
辐射
太阳
直射
辐射
太空
散射
辐射
环境长波辐射
地面
长波 地面反射
辐射 辐射
对
流
换
热
壁体得热
Climate has important effects on
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the energy performance of buildings, in both winter
and summer,
the durability耐久性 of the building fabric围护结构
buildings should be suitable for the local climate
How does a built respond to the local
environment more better?
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Selection of site to avoid heights and hollows
地点选择尽量避开高地和山谷
Orientation of buildings to maximise and minimise solar
gains
建筑朝向尽量获得最大和最小太阳得热
Spacing of buildings to avoid unwanted wind and shade
effects
建筑间距避免不必要的风和阴影
Design of windows to allow maximum daylight in buildings
窗户设计使阳光尽可能多的照到室内
Selection of trees and wall surfaces to shelter buildings
from driving rain and snow
利用树木和外墙使建筑物能防雨雪
Selection of ground surface for dryness
选择地表面要干燥
16.1.1 Climate types 气候类型
Macroclimate 大气候: the climate of a large area, such as
a region or a country.
 Microclimate小气候: the climate around a building and
upon its surface.
 A good microclimate
Lower heating costs in winter 冬季降低采暖费用
Reduction of overheating in summertime夏季减少过热
Longer life for building materials 增加建筑材料的寿命
Pleasant out door recreation areas良好的户外娱乐环境
Better growth for plants and tress 植物和树木更好生长
Increased user satisfaction and value 增加使用者满意度
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16.1.2 Climate data 气候参数
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Temperature
Humidity
Precipitation of rain and snow 降雨降雪量
Wind speed and direction 风速和风向
Sunshine hours and solar radiation 日照时间
和强度
Atmospheric pollution 大气污染
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These factors can vary by the hour,
by the day and
by the season.
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Maximum or minimum values最大值和最小值
are needed for some purposes,
such as Sizing heating plant or designing wind loads
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Average values平均值
Are needed for prediction of energy consumption.
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Probabilities or frequencies可能性或频率
16.1.3 Degree-days,度日数
accumulated temperature difference， ATD
累计温差
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measure climatic severity 严酷during a particular season
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Can be abbreviated as 可以缩写为
is based on the fact that the indoor temperature of an
unheated building is, on average, higher than the outdoor.
For a traditional British construction the difference is taken to be
3℃.
In order to maintain an internal design temperature of 18.5 ℃,
for example,
the building only needs to heating when the outdoor
temperature falls below
15.5 ℃(18.5-3).
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degree-day 度日数
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One day at 1 ℃ below base temperature gives 1
degree-day
Two days at 1 ℃ below base temperature gives 2
degree-days or
One day at 2 ℃ below base temperature also gives 2
degree-days.
typical values are given in table 16.1.
This data , averaged over the years , can be used in
the calculation of heat loss and energy consumption.
16.1.4 Driving rain index, DRI大雨指数
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is a combined annual measure of rainfall and wind
speed.
Table 16.2 gives Driving-rain indices for British Isles
不列颠群岛
16.1.5 Wind data 风
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The main effects of wind on a building are those
of force, heat loss and rain penetration.
These factors need to be considered in the
structural design and in the choice of building
materials.
Wind speed 风速
Wind direction风向
Wind speed 风速
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The force of a wind increases with the square of the velocity,
so that a relatively small increase in wind speed produces a
larger than expected force on a surface such as a building.
This force can be strong enough to lift roofs and also to pull out
windows on the downwind side of buildings.
Typical wind speeds range between
0 to 25m/s, as described below:
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5 m/s wind disturbs hair and clothing
10 m/s wind, force felt on body 身体感受到力的作用
15m/s wind causes difficulty walking
20m/s wind blows people over.
Wind direction 风向
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wind rose 风玫瑰图
16.1.5 how to reduce the Wind effects around
buildings?
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Reduce the dimensions, especially the height and the
dimensions facing the prevailing wind盛行风 、主要风.
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Avoid cubical large shapes 避免过大的体型
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Use pitched roofs斜屋顶rather than flat roofs平屋顶; use hips屋
脊rather than gable ends山形墙.
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Avoid parallel rows of buildings 避免平行排列建筑
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Avoid funnel-like gaps 烟囱通道 between buildings
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Use trees, mounds植被and other landscape features景观地貌to
provide shelter
16.1.6 Solar data 太阳
Heat Gain in chapter 3
Natural Lighting in chapter 7.
16.2 Resources for buildings
建筑（消耗的）资源
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constructing the built environment use largest
resources for most countries.
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The manufacture and transport of materials can also
involve large amounts of energy
Construction processes contribute to various forms
of pollution
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Life-cycle analysis, LCA
生命周期分析
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Raw materials: extraction and transport
原材料
Production: manufacture into building products
生产过程
Transport: from factory to construction site
运输过程
Installation : construction process
安装
Service life: impact and maintenance over lifetime of the
building
设备寿命
Recycling and disposal : at end of life
循环利用和处理
Sustainability 可持续发展
Sustainability development aims to meet the
needs of the present without compromising损
害 the needs of the future.
The broad aims of sustainable construction are to
1) Improve the quality of our lives
2) Be acceptable to other people and future
generation
3) Cause minimum damage to the wider
environment and its resources.
16.3 Energy conservation 节能
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At present, most of the energy used to heat
buildings, including electrical energy, comes from
fossil fuels 化石燃料 such as oil and coal.
fossil fuels on Earth cannot be replaced and,
unless conserved, they will eventually最后 run out.
How to realize energy conservation?
16.3.1 Alternative energy sources
替代能源
Renewable sources of energy 可再生能源
 Solar heating 太阳能加热
 Wind
 Wave：潮汐能
 Hydro：水能
 Geothermal 地热能
 Biofuels 生物燃料including : landfill gas填埋气体 , sewage
gas垃圾沼气; wood 木材, straw秸秆, refuse垃圾
16.3.2 Energy efficiency 能效
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when we convert energy from one form to another
some of the energy is lost to use by the conversion process.
Around 90% of the electrical energy used by a traditional light
bulb is wasted as heat rather than light.
Efficient equipment 高效设备
Condensing boilers冷凝锅炉, recover much of the latent heat
from flue gases before they are released.
Heat pump 热泵can make use of low temperature heat
sources, such as waste air, which have been ignored in the
past.
Electricity use 电能利用
CHP( combined heat and power)联合发热发电/热电联产
can raise the energy efficiency of electricity generation from
around33% to as much as 80%
CHP techniques can also be applied on a small scale to meet the
energy needs of just one building or a series of buildings.
16.3.3 Thermal insulation 隔热
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External walls, windows, roof and floors are the largest
areas of heat loss from a building.
roof insulation屋顶隔热,
cavity fill填充多孔材料,
double-glazing双层玻璃,
internal wall-lining内墙保温, and
exterior wall-cladding外墙保温.
16.3.4 Ventilation 通风
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The heat lost during the opening of doors or windows
becomes a significant area of energy conservation,
especially when the cladding覆层 of building is insulated to
high standards.
These ventilation losses are reduced by better seals in the
construction of the buildings, by air-sealed door lobbies大
厅, and the use of controlled ventilation.
Some of the heat contained in exhausted air can be
recovered by heat exchange techniques such as heat
pumps
16.4 Pollution
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The construction of buildings contributes to
pollution in various ways
The pollution we generate within our
buildings is also significant
We spend up to 90% of our time indoors
16.4.1 Air pollution空气污染
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Carbon dioxide CO2
Smog 烟雾
Ozone O3
Nitrogen oxides NOx
Sulfur oxides SOx
Methane CH4
Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs
Heavy metals 重金属
16.4.2
16.4.3
16.4.4
16.4.5
16.4.6
Water pollution 水污染
Soil pollution 土壤污染
Waste material
Radon 氡
Indoor pollution 室内污染
Radon 氡
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Colourless, odourless无味
Given off through the radioactive decay放射衰变 of
uranium铀 rocks within the earth.
Lung cancer 肺癌
Can be diluted 稀释by the atmosphere and becomes
harmless.
Ventilation beneath the floor and in the building
16.5 Sick and healthy buildings
病态和健康建筑
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Sick buildings effects:
Eyes, nose and throat irritations 痛
Dryness of throat, nose and skin
Breathing difficulties and chest tightness胸部紧迫感
Headaches, nausea恶心,dizziness头昏眼花
Mental fatigue精神疲劳
Skin rashes 皮肤疱疹
Aching muscles and “flu-like ” symptoms
肌肉酸痛有流感征兆
Buildings at risk 存在风险的建筑物
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Forced ventilation, including mechanical ventilation
and air conditioning.
Lightweight construction
Carpets地毯 and other textiles纺织品 used on
indoor surfaces.
Warm and uniform environments
Sick building causes
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Physical comfort conditions
uncomfortable temperatures
low humidity
low air movement and ventilation rate
insufficient negative air ions 空气负离子不足
low daylight level
excessive noise level
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Chemical pollutants
Microbial
Chemical pollutants 化学污染物
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Cigarette smoke 香烟烟雾
Formaldehyde vapours from furniture, particle
boards 来自家具和碎木板中的甲醛
Vapours (VOC）from adhesives, paints and
cleaners 来自粘合剂，涂料和清洁剂中的VOC
Radon decay products from granite stone and
aggregates 花岗石和聚合物中衰减产物氡
Ozone gas from photocopiers复印机 ,laser printers
激光打印机and high-voltage sources高压电源.
Microbial 微生物
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Airborne micro-organisms from bacteria and fungi in air
conditioning system
空调系统中产生的细菌、霉菌等空气微生物
Micro-organisms in drinking water and vending machines
饮用水和售货机内产生的微生物
Micro-organisms in carpets, fabrics and pot plants.
地毯、织物和盆栽植物产生的微生物
军团病 (Legionnaire‘s Disease)
1976年7月，在美国费城一间旅馆内举行退伍军人会议，
期间近200名与会者患上一种前所未见的肺炎和呼吸道感染
病，导致29人死亡。病徵是全身不适、头痛、恶心呕吐、腹
泻、肌肉疼痛、发烧、咳嗽，初时是乾咳，其後有灰色或血
色的浓痰，病情急促和猛烈，若不及时医治，会死於肺炎及
其他并发症。
经过多个月的调查，并耗用高达200万美元的费用，终於
发现病原是一种当时尚未被人认识的杆菌，後称为「嗜肺性
军团菌」。由於这种病首次在退休军人身上发现，因此称为
「军团病」。
军团菌经空气传播。空调系统的水箱是军团菌的理想繁
殖地方，可经管道遍布整座建 物。因此长期在空调室内的人，
应特别小心。
Sick building solutions
病态建筑解决方案
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The following general guidelines will help to
eliminate the various causes which give rise
to poor environments within buildings.
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Good design 好的设计
Correct installation正确的安装
Constant maintenance 持续的维护
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Healthy buildings 健康建筑
16.6 Future buildings未来建筑
16.6.1 Appraisal of buildings 建筑的评估
 The Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment (BREEA) systems
建筑环境评估法
appraises buildings under the following criteria
Global issues 对全球的影响
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Global warming, linked to the burning of fossil fuels
全球变暖，与建筑燃烧矿物燃料有关
Ozone depletion损耗, linked with the use of CFCs in
insulants and coolants
臭氧损耗，与使用CFCs做绝热材料和制冷剂有关
Rain forest destruction, linked with the use of hardwood
from forests which are not renewed.
雨林破坏，与建筑使用木材有关
Resource depletion, linked with non-recycling of materials.
资源损耗，与建筑使用不可再生材料有关
Neighbourhood issues对周围环境的影响
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Legionnaires’ Disease, linked with faulty air
conditioning systems
军团病，与空调系统有关
Local wind effects, linked with the height and shape
of buildings
局部风，与建筑高度和形状有关
Re-use of a site previously built upon or reclaimed再
生的 .重复利用以前建设用地
Indoor effects 对室内的影响
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Legionnaires’ Disease, linked with hot and cold water
supplies军团病，与热水、冷水供应有关
Lighting, such as modern fluorescent lamps with electronic
control gear
照明，例如现代电子控制的荧光灯
Indoor air quality linked with ventilation rates,
humidification, control of systems and separate areas for
smoking 室内空气品质，与换气次数、加湿、控制系统和吸烟
区有关
Hazardous materials, such as asbestos石棉, formaldehyde
in cavity fill填充材料内的甲醛, and lead铅 in paint.有毒材料，
例如石棉，填充材料内的甲醛、油漆中的铅
16.6.2 Intelligent buildings智能建筑
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Automated building services such as those for energy management, security
and fire precautions.
自动建筑服务系统，如能量管理、安保和火灾预防
Information management such as telecommunication systems and computer
systems for IT( information Technology)
信息管理例如电信系统和为IT服务的计算机系统
Connectivity determined by internal cabling and assess to external services
通过内部电缆与外部设备连接
Control of the environment achieved by the monitoring and control of
building services and safety such as in a building automation system
(BAS)
通过监测来控制环境、建筑服务和安保，如建筑自动化系统
Premises management achieved by the controlled monitoring and
scheduling of maintenance and other building functions.
通过监控对维护或其他建筑功能时间提前安排
16.6.3 Integrated building design
and construction 建筑综合设计和施工
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For example, larger windows provide better daylighting
but they also cause greater heat loss in winter and
larger heat gain in summer.
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In order to provide the best possible environment in
future buildings all available knowledge and skill needs to
be integrated.
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The activities of the design team, professional groups
and teaching should be oriented towards such an
integrated approach.
Integrated environmental design
综合环境设计
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IED is a philosophy哲学 and method of designing
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buildings which aims to achieve the optimum
environmental decisions.
For example, the building services specialists should
also be involved in other decisions such as those
concerning shape, orientation, use of materials,
fenestration, lighting and sound control
Home work
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病态建筑的症状、原因和解决方案
绿色建筑、智能建筑和综合建筑的定义及他们
之间的不同
如何实现建筑节能
Today’s key words
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building fabric围护结构
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Environmental building 绿色建筑
Sick building 病态建筑
Energy conservation 能源节约/节能
Macroclimate 大气候
Microclimate 小气候
degree-day 度日数
Maximum or minimum values最大值和最小值
Average values平均值
Probabilities or frequencies可能性或频率
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ventilation rate 换气次数
IT( information Technology) 信息技术
building automation system (BAS) 建筑自动化系统
Today’s key sentences:
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（ ）Can be abbreviated as （ ）可以缩写为
（ ）Is an abbreviated for（ ）
（ ）stands for （ ）
（ ）is a short of （ ）
Exercises in class
1 when designing a buildings, we should
consider many climatic factors including (
A temperature
B humidity
C precipitation of rain and snow
D wind speed and direction
E sunshine hours and solar radiation
F atmospheric pollution
)
2 When sizing heating plant , we need ( )
A maximum values
B minimum values
C average values
D probabilities or frequencies
A few words about exam
一、fill in blanks（10分）
二、choose the suitable answers（2X10分）
三、answer in brief （10分）
四、calculations （60分）
平时成绩与试卷成绩差值不超过10分
卷面成绩为55分
严格考场纪律、坚决杜绝夹带纸条作弊。
给每位同学提供公平的考试条件是老师的职责！
summary
一、每章例题
二、作业
三、每章加黑体
四、每章习题
酸雨： 指pH值小于5.6的降水