AFRICA AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Michel A. Bouchard
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
1
UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL
ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
GÉNIE CIVIL
MCGILL-UNEP CENTER
UNIVERSITÉ DE TUNISIE ( FAC SCIENCES)
INTERNATIONAL WATER AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
2
INTRODUCTION
AFRICA AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN AFRICA
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE
COLLAPSE OF GOVERNANCE
CONCLUSION
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
3
AFRICA
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
4
WHAT MAP SHOULD WE
LOOK AT ?
POLITICAL MAP?
ECOSYSTEMS MAP?
VULNERABILITY MAP?
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
5
I SUGGEST
ODA RECIPIENT’S MAP
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
6
ODA Recipients
Information not available
Upper Middle Income Countries
Lower Middle Income Countries
Low Income Countries
Least Developed Countries
UPPER MIDDLE INCOME
COUNTRIES ( 3700$-11500$)
BOSTWANA
GABON
LYBIA
MAURITIUS
SOUTH AFRICA
DIAMONDS
OIL
OIL
DIAMONDS AND
MORE
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
-
8
LOW MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
(935-3699)
OIL AND MINERALS
ALGERIA
CAMEROON
CAPE VERDE
CONGO BRAZZA
EGYPT
PHOSPHATE
MOROCCO
NAMIBIA
SWAZILAND
PHOSPHATE
TUNISIA
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
-9
LOW INCOME COUNTRIES ( <935)
IVORY COAST
GHANA
KENYA
NIGERIA
ZIMBABWE
GOLD
OIL
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
-------
10
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
ANGOLA
OIL
BENIN
BURKINA FASO
BURUNDI
CENTRAL A.R.
CHAD
DR CONGO
COBALT AND +++
DJIBOUTI
EQ. GUINEA
ERYTHREA
ETHIOPIA
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
------------
11
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
GAMBIA
GUIN. CONAKRY
GUIN. BISSAU
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MALI
GOLD
MAURITANIA
OIL, IRON
MOZAMBIQUE
NIGER
URANIUM
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
--------
12
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
RWANDA
SAO TOME & P
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
SOMALIA
SUDAN
TANZANIA
TOGO
UGANDA
ZAMBIA
OIL
DIAMONDS
COBALT, CUPPER
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
----------
13
DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES
1) endemic poverty
2) complex governance and institutional
dimensions
3) limited access to capital, including
markets,
4) infrastructure and technology
5) ecosystem degradation
6) complex disasters and conflicts.
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
14
ENVIRONMENT
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
15
SHIFT THROUGH TIME
MDG
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
LAND DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION
DEFORESTATION
CONSERVATION
HEALTH
PROTECTION
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
16
SHIFT OF CONCERNS THROUGH
TIME
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE
CDM-CLIMATE PROOFING
HIV/SIDA
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, SOIL EROSION
CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
SANITATION, ACCESS TO WATER, MALARIA
PROTECTED AREAS
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
17
Important
environmental
Deforestation
is oneissues
of the most
important environmental issues in 35
countries;
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
18
INDICATORS FOR MDG7 ( AFDB)
1) Status of National Environmental Action
Plans
2) % Population with Access to an improved
Water Source
3) Forest Area ( % of land area)
4) Nationally Protected Areas ( % of total
land area)
5) CO2 Emissions per Capita
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
19
GOOD NEWS ARE
1) Africa is not a major contributor to world
« pollution » and is not itself severely
« polluted » ( with few spectacular
exceptions). Major problems are related to
waste and water management and are
sanitation issues
2) Many biophysical present damages are not
irreversible. Success stories include land
revitalisation evident by the growth of tree
clusters in images of Niger
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
20