BASICS OF FIRE, SAFETY & EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS
IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY
• PROFIT = SELLING COST – INPUT COST - ?
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MURPHY’s LAW
If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong
Not a pessimistic statement
MOTTO
• SAVE INVALUABLE HUMAN LIFES
– Fight Back with Proper Techniques
• SAVE VALUABLE PROPERTY
– Plant, Machinery, Products, Raw Materials, etc.
• SAFETY OF OPERATIONS
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EVERY 20 SECONDS,
ONE PERSON DIES AS A
RESULT OF AN ACCIDENT
Source - ILO
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The Domino Theory
• Developed by Herbert Henrich (Travelers Insurance Co)
in 1920
• He evaluated over 75,000 industrial accidents
• His evaluation demonstrated:
– 88% accidents causes by unsafe acts
– 10% of accidents caused by unsafe conditions
– 2% of accidents were just unavoidable
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LOSSES DUE TO FIRE
•
3 Crores National Asset Loss Every Day
LOSSES
40 % Direct Losses 60 % In Direct Losses
•
•
Man Hour Lost
Production Loss
Credibility Loss
Massive Life and Infrastructural Loss
Heavy Loss to Environment
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Fire Triangle
For a fire to start three conditions must be
met at the same time:
FUEL
OXYGEN
HEAT
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FUEL TYPES
• All matter can be used as a fuel.
• It is no surprise that the three states of matter are the
three fuel forms that we will look at.
• SOLID
• LIQUID
• GAS
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More Definitions
• Fire
– A slow form of deflagration
• Deflagration
– Propagating reactions in which the energy transfer from
the reaction zone to the unreacted zone is accomplished
thru ordinary transport processes such as heat and mass transfer.
• Detonation / Explosion
– Propagating reactions in which energy is transferred from the reaction
zone to the unreacted zone on a reactive shock wave. The velocity of
the shock wave always exceeds sonic velocity in the reactant.
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SOME TERMINOLOGIES
• MSDS – MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
• TLV ~ THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
• PPM – PARTS PER MILLION
• STEL – SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT
• IDLH – IMMEDIATE DANGER TO LIFE &
HEALTH
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–Specific
Gravity
Ratio of the
weight of a
substance (the
liquid) to the
weight of
water.
Specific
Gravity of
Water = 1.
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IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
• Flash Point / Fire Point
– Flash Point – Lowest temperature at which liquid will
generate enough vapor to flash, but not continue to burn.
– Fire Point – Lowest temperature at which liquid will ignite
and continue to burn.
DOT & UN
Classification
Flammable Liquid
Flash Point ≤141°F
Combustible Liquid
Flash Point >141°F
and <200°F.
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WHAT WILL U DO IF U SMELL LPG
GAS LEAK IN YOUR HOUSE @ 3A.M
IN MORNING
WHERE TO ATTACK
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THE FIRE TRIANGLE
OXYGEN
Normal Atmospheric Contents
21 % -
Oxygen
78 % -
Nitrogen
01 % -
Mix. Of Other
Gases
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OXYGEN
• RATE OF MINIMUM AIR CONSUMPTION
• MAXIMUM AIR
• O2 IN EXHALE AIR
• WHAT IN 3 MINUTES
• WHERE IS O2 SUPPOSED TO BE ENSURED
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OXYGEN
• AIR CONTAINS 21%
Oxygen
• Humans need 15% O2
(Oxygen) in their air to
survive.
• Fires need 15% O2 to
“survive” in flaming mode
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Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
OSHA ~OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
19.5 %
Minimum acceptable oxygen level.
15 - 19%
Decreased ability to work strenuously.
Impair coordination.
12-14%
Respiration increases. Poor judgment.
10-12%
Respiration increases. Lips blue.
8-10%
Mental failure. Fainting.
Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8%
8 minutes - fatal,
6 minutes - 50% fatal
4-6%
Coma in 40 seconds. Death
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What if we reduce oxygen to fires?
• LOW O2 CAUSES INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
• This leads to the formation of CO (Carbon Monoxide)
and other fire gas production
• The fire will die out, become darker, and produce either
thick black, or sickly green smoke.
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- toxic, colorless, odorless, combustible
gas, slightly lighter than air.
- a by-product of combustion, found in
almost every industry.
- Enters blood stream thru the lungs,
replaces oxygen in blood
stream and causes
asphyxiation
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SMOKE IS FLAMMABLE
– BE AWARE WHILE ENTERING
SMOKE FILLED ROOM
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4 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION
• RADIATION
• DIRECT FLAME IMPINGEMENT
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HOW SHOULD EARTHING BE??
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IDENTIFY THE HAZARDOUS
AREA IN PLANTS
• ZONE – ‘0’
• ZONE –’1’
• ZONE’ - 2’
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FLAMABLE CONDITIONS
A fire will not always start when the legs of the fire
triangle meet, unless all three elements are present in the
required amounts.
For example: Vapors from a flammable liquid must be
mixed with a certain amount of air in order to ignite
and propagate a flame. [ UEL – LEL ]
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THREE STAGES OF FIRE
• INCIPIENT
• FREE BURNING
(STEADY STATE)
• HOT SMOLDERING
(DECAY STATE)
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BURNING STAGES
• INCIPIENT STAGE
• OXYGEN 21%
• PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER
CAN HANDLE
• FREE BURNING STAGE
• OXYGEN 19% - 16%
• SMOLDERING STAGE
• OXYGEN AT 15% OR LESS
Be Cautious to Back Draft SituationLoss Control Services
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Methods of extinguishing a fire
– Reduction the Temperature
– Removal of Fuel
– Inhibition of Chain Reaction
– Exclusion of Oxygen
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EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM
• SMOOTHERING
– Cutting Oxygen Supply
» Blanketing the Surface of Fire
»
»
Apply Powder
Apply Foam
• COOLING
– [ Heat Propagation- Radiation, Conduction &
Convection]
– Reducing the Heat
»
»
Apply Water
Apply Carbon-Di-Oxide
• STARVATION
– Cutting of Fuel Supply
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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Flammable Liquids,
Grease, Gas
Wood, Paper,
Plastic, Cloth
Electrical
Combustible
Metals
The classifications are important to understand since each type of fire extinguisher is designed for a specific
class of fire. Picking the wrong type of extinguisher
for theServices
type of fire could make the situation much worse. 34
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EXTINGUISHING MEDIAS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DRY POWDER
WATER
FOAM
CARBON - Di – OXIDE
FM-200
SAND
STEAM
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U
V
C
E
N
C
O
N
F
I
N
E
D
A
P
O
R
L
O
U
D
X
P
L
O
S
I
O
N
S
• An overpressure caused when a gas cloud detonates or
deflagrates in open air rather than simply burns.
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B
L
E
V
E
O
I
L
I
N
G
I
Q
U
I
D
X
P
A
N
D
I
N
G
A
P
O
R
X
P
L
O
S
I
O
N
S
• The result of a vessel failure in a fire and release of
a pressurized liquid rapidly into the fire
• A pressure wave, a fire ball, vessel fragments and
burning liquid droplets are usually the result
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BLEVE
FUEL
SOURCE
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INDUSTRIAL GAS CYLINDERS COLOUR CODE AND
DESCRIPTIONS
GAS
OXYG
EN
NITRO
GEN
CARB
ON
DIOX
IDE
AMM
ONIA
FREON
- 12
WHIT
E
BLAC
K
RED
&
YELL
OW
Bottom
end Grey
Neck
end
Violet
None
ARG
ON
CHLO
RINE
HYDRO
GEN
ACETYL
ENE
BLUE
YELLO
W
RED
MAROO
N
RED
GREY
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
LPG
AIR
VISUAL
IDENTIFICATI
ON
DISTINCTIVE
COLOUR BODY
BAND
BLAC
K
NONE
SIZE IN
COMM. USE
LENGTH (M)
BLAC
K
GREY
NONE
1.6
1.6
1.52
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.45
1.46
1.22
1.6
1.4
1.5
2.0
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1.6
1.2
1.2
1.45
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IS 2379 : 1990
WATER
- SEA GREEN
STEAM
- ALUMINIUM
MINERAL, VEGETABLE & ANIMAL OILS, COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUIDS
- LIGHT BROWN
ACID
- DARK VIOLET
ALKALI’s
- SMOKE GREY
AIR
- SKY BLUE
GASES
- CANARY YELLOW
OTHER LIQUID/GASES WHICH DOES NOT NEED
IDENTIFICATION
- BLACK
HYDROCARBONS/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
– DARK ADMIRALITY GREY
WHERE TO PLACE CAUTION &
SIGN BOARDS
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Toxicity
The dose determines level of toxicity
• Dose = Concentration X exposure Time
• Acute vs. Chronic
– alcohol consumption
• Local vs. Systemic
– pet flea shampoo
Flammable Liquid Fire Scenario
• Flammable Liquid Spill
• Forms Pool of Liquid on Floor
– (REMEMBER 1 gal. of liquid = 20 sq. ft. of floor area)
– Example 55 gal drum x 20 sq. ft. = 1100 sq. ft.
(IMPORTANT LATER!!)
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TO CONCLUDE
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CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRE
CAUSES
PERCENTAGE
• Electricity
23
• Smoking/Mobile
18
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10
Friction
Over Head Material
Hot Surface
Burner Flame
Combustion Spark
Spontaneous Ignition
Cutting & Welding
Exposure
Sabotage
Chemical Action
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7
7
5
4
4
3
3
1
47
LIST THE REASON FOR THE
MAJOR CAUSES OF FIRE IN
INDUSTRIES
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USE OF P P E IN EMERGENCY
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Extinguisher Selection
vs.
Fire Classification
Wood, Paper,
Plastic, Cloth
Flammable Liquids,
Grease, Gas
Electrical
Combustible
Metals
The classifications are important to understand since each type of fire extinguisher is designed for a specific
class of fire. Picking the wrong type of extinguisher for the type of fire could make the situation much worse.
Extinguisher
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Water Extinguisher
Yes
No
No
No
CO2 Extinguisher
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
ABC Extinguisher
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
K Extinguisher
Yes
Yes
No
No
Portable Fire Extinguisher Safety
Characteristics
Water extinguisher
30-40 ft.
60 sec.
Dry chemical
5-20 ft.
8-25 sec.
CO2 extinguisher
3-8 ft.
8-30 sec.
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Using Portable Fire Extinguisher
Making That “Right” Decision
 You are trained in the use of extinguishers.
 You know what is burning.
 Fire is not spreading rapidly.
 Smoke and heat has not filled the area.
 You have a clear path of escape.
 Follow your instincts.
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BEFORE USING FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
•
•
•
•
Ensure no Casualty in the Area
Check for Wind Direction
Check proper ventilation
Avoid using Fire Extinguisher in Confined
Space
• Check for Proper Capacity and Type of
Fire Extinguisher to be used on Fire
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When NOT to Use a Fire Extinguisher
• If you don’t have the correct type or a large enough
extinguisher.
• If the fire is producing a large amount of smoke.
• If the fire is more than 2 ft. high or is moving rapidly.
• The final rule, and most important—Always place
yourself between the fire and an exit. Never try to use
an extinguisher without an escape route.
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DO’s & DON’T’s IN EMERGENCIES
• DONT’s
– Don’t Create Panic. Be Calm and Assess the Situation
[Lucknow Railway Station Stampede]
– Don’t Spread Rumors
– Clearly follow instructions and don’t stay back to collect
your belongings
– Don’t Run. Fast March
– Don’t Rush with your vehicles to obstruct the Entry-Exit
Main Points
– Don’t Park your vehicles at wrong place
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• DO’s
– Pick up the nearest Fire Extinguishers and Fight
– Keep Telephone Lines Free
– Inform Fire/Safety Department Imediately
– Assist External Aid Agencies
– Clearly Listen and Follow the Instructions of the Incident
Commander
– Help the Fire Fighting Team if asked to do so
– Inform your authorities
– Immediately Evacuate if asked to do so
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