-Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life expectancy national and global scales since
1950.
-Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and lifestyle.

The World Health Organisation defines
as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing’.

Morbidity – The level of sickness, numbers of people who are sick, prevalence of disease.
Mortality – The level of deaths, numbers of people dying due to sickness.
Epidemiology – The study of the factors affecting the health, morbidity and mortality of populations.
Closely linked to Geography as the factors will vary spatially and will be place specific.

• Life Expectancy
• It is an AVERAGE.
• Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food, medical facilities, income, literacy.
• You can split the total population into different groups
(cohorts) to compare some of these differences within a population.
• Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic groups, age groups.
• Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR. If you survive infancy you could live much longer than the life expectancy figures suggest.

• MEDCs main increase in life expectancy in late industrial revolution. Due to improved sanitation, water, housing, reduction in pollution, improved medical care.
• In 1870 life expectancy
• Manchester - 29 years
• Sheffield – 33 years

• LEDCs main increases in life expectancy in second half of twentieth century due to improved medical care particularly immunisation programmes such TB and
Polio, successful eradication “Roll back
Malaria” programmes in Asia and South
America.

• Malaria continues to kill between 1 and 3 million people a year mainly in Sub
Saharan Africa.
• HIV Aids has had a huge impact on populations.
• SARS, Asian Bird Flu, potential pandemics?

• Botswana , 39% adults infected, burden on females
(biologically more at risk, males with multiple partners, female carers) ARVs now used to keep people with HIV alive.

LEDC ____________________________________ MEDC
Infectious diseases ____________ Degenerative diseases
Diseases of Poverty ____________ Diseases of Affluence
Aids, Cholera, Tuberculosis,
Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid,
Yellow fever, Dengue fever, measles, Polio, Perinatal deaths (in first week of life).
Cancer, Heart and circulatory disease,
Obesity, Type two diabetes, Alzheimer's disease.

Endogenetic (from inside)
Congenital diseases from birth and degenerative diseases resulting from old age.
Exogenetic (from outside)
Environmental conditions, social habits and hazards.

Exogenetic Factors LEDCS and
MEDCS compared
LEDC
Nutrition (being underweight)
The environment (unsafe water , sanitation and hygiene)
Poor living standards (indoor smoke from solid fuels – mainly wood)
Social norms and disease such as HIV/AIDS (unsafe sex).
MEDC
Lifestyle causing high blood pressure (stress)
Physical inactivity (heart disease, diabetes)
Leisure activities (tobacco and alcohol and illicit drugs)
Nutrition (being overweight, high cholesterol levels, low fruit and vegetable intake).

Make notes using the following resources;
Study Guide page 120 - Variations in health
Geofile GF578 Global patterns of death disease and health
Gapminder.org 200 years that changed the world
Wealth and health of nations
Graph of Life Expectancy / GDP per capita
Use your notes and the resources to answer the questions;
-Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life expectancy national and global scales since 1950. (4)
-Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and lifestyle. (6)