ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF
MOTORS AND APPLIANCES
By: Jennifer Hitchcock and Meredith Greene
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY PURPOSE
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The purpose of energy efficient appliances and
motors is to be able to supply the same level of
energy service only using less energy.
Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by
means of a more efficient technology or process
rather than by changes in individual behavior.
Energy conservation reduces the energy
consumption and energy demand per capita and
thus offsets some of the growth in energy supply
needed to keep up with population growth
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
Along with saving money, energy efficient
appliances and motors save the plant
 The energy used to run a product can be cut up to
80%
 There is a large potential to make a difference
because all appliances energy usage can be cut
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Fridges, washers, dryers, cars
 Light bulbs, anything that plugs
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Into an outlet.
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OPERATION
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You can apply new ways to your old appliances to
make them more energy efficient
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Keep air filters clean, vents clean, and baseboards
clean
Get a furnace tune up
Defrost your refrigerator so ice doesn’t build up on
the coils
Turn off appliance when they are not being used
Un-plug appliances
OPERATION
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Motor-driven equipment accounts for 64 percent
of the electricity consumed in the U.S. industrial
sector. Within the nation's most energy-intensive
industries motor systems consume approximately
290 billion kWh per year.
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Motor Efficiency: Converting Electricity
into Mechanical Motion
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The energy efficiency of motors depends on the
type of motor. Some are built to be more energy
efficient while others are not. It may be wise to
invest in motors with higher efficiencies than
what is required, even if they are a bit more
expensive. Energy efficient motors reduce the
amount of lost energy going into heat rather than
power by using steel with better magnetic
qualities, bigger diameter wire, and better
bearings. Since less heat is generated, less
energy is needed to cool the motor with a fan—
further improving energy efficiency.
How Much Energy They Consume as
Compared to Purchase Price
Over a typical ten-year operating life, a motor
operating most of the time can easily consume
electricity valued at more than 50 times the
motor’s initial purchase price. This means that
when you spend $1,600 to purchase a motor that
operates continually, you may be obligating
yourself to spend more than $80,000 on
electricity.
 Another example is that even at the relatively
low energy rate of $0.04/kWh, a typical 20horsepower (hp) continuously running motor uses
almost $6,000 worth of electricity annually, about
six times its initial purchase price.
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Savings by Use of Efficient Motors
Over half of all electrical energy consumed in the
United States is used by electric motors.
Improving the efficiency of electric motors and
the equipment they drive can save energy, reduce
operating costs, and improve our nation’s
productivity.
 The potential savings in system improvement
opportunities are very large - over 100 billion
kwh/year energy savings and $3 billion (U.S.)
annual energy cost savings opportunity with
existing and new technology by 2010.
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Saving Con.
Annual Value of a One-Point Efficiency Gain
(Based on $0.04/kWh, 8000 Hours of Use, Full Load)
Horsepower
Annual Savings
5
$17
10
$32
20
$61
50
$142
100
$278
200
$537
Savings Con.
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Technological Obstacles
There is an impending shortage of many rare raw
materials used in the manufacture of hybrid and
electric cars.
 For example, the rare earth element dysprosium
is required to make many of the advanced electric
motors used in hybrid cars.
 However, over 95% of the world's rare earth
elements are mined in China, and domestic
Chinese consumption is expected to consume
China's entire supply by 2012.
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Political/Economic Obstacles
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Motors must meet certain federal laws for them to be
produced. Most general-purpose motors sold after October
1997 must meet the NEMA (National Electrical
Manufacturers Association) definition, according to federal
law.
The following are major design and manufacturing
standards covering electric motors:
International Electrotechnical Commission: IEC 60034
Rotating Electrical Machines
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (USA):
NEMA MG 1 Motors and Generators
Underwriters Labratories (USA): UL 1004 - Standard for
Electric Motors
Political/Economic Obstacles Con.
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On December 19, 2007, President George W. Bush signed
into law the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
Similar to its predecessors, the Energy Policy Act of 1992,
and the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and related pieces of
legislation dating back to the 1970s, the 2007 Act aims to
restructure and reduce, or at least slow the rate of growth
in America’s energy consumption.
Perhaps more importantly for motor users the 2007 version
increases the mandated efficiency of electric motors in
commercial and industrial applications, and expands the
range of motors that in question. The 2007 Act takes effect
on December 19, 2010.
NEMA Premium® will become the minimum efficiency
standard for many motors in 2010, making the U.S.
standards the highest in the world.
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Negative Environmental Impacts
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Appliances have to get energy from somewhere, and the
energy comes from power plants. These power plants are
one main source of air and water pollution. They also
release radioactive materials into the atmosphere.
Used appliances also produce electronic waste, which are
discarded, surplus, obsolete, or broken electrical or
electronic devices.
The processing of electronic waste in developing countries
causes serious health and pollution problems because
electronic equipment contains some very serious
contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury,
and brominated flame retardants.
Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of ewaste involves significant risk to workers and communities
and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in
recycling operations and leaching of material such as heavy
metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.
Phantom Loads
The phantom load is the electricity consumed by
a device when it is turned off.
 For example, your television consumes electricity
as it waits for you to hit the “on” button on your
remote. Your clock uses up energy 24/7 to keep
track of time.
 Devices that have a phantom load are sometimes
called “vampires.” These devices have a hidden
energy cost that most people are never even
aware of.
 Nationally, phantom loads make up about six
percent of our energy consumption. This
translates into billions of dollars spent and
countless amounts of pollution emitted into our
air.
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How to Deal with Phantom Loads
Unplug all devices when not in use.
 Alternatively, plug your devices into a power
strip and turn the strip off when you go to sleep.
 Be careful when using cube shaped transformers
that plug into the wall. They are 60-80%
inefficient when plugged in, so it is especially
important that these are on power strips.
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Improvements
Increasing the thickness of the copper wires
wound around the core of the motor. This reduces
both the electrical resistance losses in the wires
and the temperature at which the motor
operates.
 Using more and thinner high-quality steel sheets
for the main fixed and rotating parts of the
motor. This also minimizes electrical losses.
 Narrowing the air gap between the spinning and
stationary motor components, increasing the
strength of its magnetic field. This lets the motor
deliver the same output using less power.
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