Mainsteaming responsibility in
tourism development
Obstacles and opportunities
Mr.sci. Hrvoje Carić, env. mgmt.
Institute for tourism, Zagreb, Croatia
www.iztzg.hr
Content:
1. Definition of sustainable
development
2. Existing unsustainable trends
3. Redefenition
4. Sustainable and responsible
development in practice (learning
labs)
1. Definition of sustainable
development – what’s wrong
2. Existing unsustainable trends
3. Redefinition
4. Sustainable and responsible
development in practice (learning
labs)
Sustainable development
(political definitions)
Meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
(Brundtland)
Improving the quality of life within the limits of
carrying capacities of ecosystems.
(Claude Martin, WWF)
Not very
precise
Antropo-centric
Meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
(Brundtland)
Improving the quality of life within the limits of
carrying capacities of ecosystems.
(Claude Martin, WWF)
Wide variety of interpretation
1. Definition of sustainable
development
2. Existing unsustainable trends
3. Redefinition
4. Sustainable and responsible
development in practice (learning
labs)
Dubrovnik
• long history and international
visibility since the Classical
Roman period and through
famous medieval Republic
• The Icon of Croatian tourism
• UNESCO site
• Very rich:
- Biodiversity
- Landscape
- Heritage
• Population 48.795
Trends (?): more cruise tourists, less stay, less …
• 2001 to 2009 cruising tourists increased 5 x
989.272 passengers on the average have spent 1,68 days in
Croatia (2009)
•
-
Comparing 2009 to 2008, number of:
cruise arrivals have decreased by 8,3%
total days spent have decreased by 19,4%
total number of passengers increased by 5,3%.
Croatia
Year
2009
Dubrovnik
Dub. share
passengers passengers %
989.272
845.603
85
Direct pollution cost assesment
H. Carić
Direct pollution cost assessment of cruising
tourism in the Croatian Adriatic
Financial Theory and Practice 34 (2) 161-180
(2010)
www.ijf.hr/eng/FTP/2010/2/caric.pdf
Poor environmental management practice of
cruise companies and authorities in
implementation of legislation make pollution
from cruisers NEGATIVE EKSTERNALITY
Direct pollution costs are multiplications of daily pollution
quantities with number of cruise guests and days spent:
a) Croatian Adriatic = 1.662.000 guest/days
b) Dubrovnik port = 591.922 guest/days
Pollution type
Solid Waste
Daily pollution Pollution for
quantity/guest Croatian Adriatic
Pollution for
Dubrovnik port
4 kg
6.648 tones
1.777 tones
0,40 kg/km
1.063.835 tones
904.115 tones
Black waters
40 litters
66.480.000 litters
23.676.000 litters
Gray waters
340 litters
565.080.000 litters
201.253.000 litters
Bilge water
10 litters
16.620.000 litters
5.919.000 litters
Hazardous waste
0,16 kg
265.920 kg
94.708 kg
Eco-toxic metal
0,45 g
748 kg
266 kg
Air pollution CO2
Direct pollution costs (DPC) for cruising tourism in 2009 based on EU
prices of environmental management charges.
All pollution loads are negative externalities, meaning that
pollution is not properly treated and subsequently has an effect on
the environment (Carić, 2010).
Pollution type DPC (EU)
Solid Waste
0,15
Air pollution
0,24
Black & gray
waste waters
Bilge water
Hazardous
waste
Unit
DPC for Cro.
Adriatic
DPC for
Dubrovnik
€/kg
997.200
355.153
€/km/
passenger
0,0089
€/lit
379.880.448 324.711.552
5.620.884
2.001.880
0,22
€/lit
3.656.400
1.302.228
1,53
€/kg
406.858
144.903
390.561.790 328.515.716
Cost benefit analysis (financial)
Direct pollution costs (DPC)
DPC for Cro.
Adriatic
DPC for
Dubrovnik
390 mil €
328 mil €
Total calculated income for Croatian economy
from cruising tourism in 2009 was
53 mil. € max.
Comparative human impact
(1) ratio
(2) peak day impact
(3) 5 cruisers = towns of Du.
Pollution
Cruise guest 5 cruisers
Dubrovnik
pollution
with 12.500 (48.795
ratio
guest pollute citizens)
as
SOx (IMO 4,5%)
4.500
?
?
(EU 1,5%)
1.500
CO2 air pollution
7,9
98.750
2
NOx air pollution
11,1
138.750
2,8
Wastewater
2,9
36.250
0,7
Waste
4,4
55.000
1,12
in
Conflicting use of marine resource within tourism sector:
mega cruising vs sea kayaking
ALASKA Autor : Tom Bol, Crusise
Foto Adam Benović
Foto Adam Benović
Remains from air
emission polluted a
beach in Dubrovnik
Collisions of cruisers in front of old harbor anchoring area
2004: Armonia vs Club Med II anchor entanglement.
Demolished underwater electricity and water piping
2008: MSC Poesia vs Costa Classica collision without
significant consequences
1. Definition of sustainable
development
2. Existing unsustainable trends
3. Redefinition
4. Sustainable and responsible
development in practice (learning
labs)
Sustainable development
Exploatation < Regeneration
Local
community
Politics
Heritage
(cultural, historic,
traditional, ethical)
Sustainable development
Business
(human systems vs. environment)
Local
community
Politics
Heritage
Business
Process to develop synergy between human
systems to contribute harmony with environment
responsibility
For environment
Local
community
Social, personal
responsibility
Heritage
Politics
responsibility for
standard of living
Business
How to develop genuine responsibility in the
world of individualism and opportunism …How to
define responsibility, the meaning?
What is responsibility ?
Every decision significant for
tribe needs to consider impact
on seven unborn generations.
Lakota Sioux
Is this too wise for us?
1. Definition of sustainable
development
2. Existing unsustainable trends
3. Redefinition
4. Sustainable and responsible
development in practice (learning
labs)
S/R
development
in practice
=
quality care
(protection of heritage)
+
income generation
(responsible use for profit)
+
public benefit
(especially local community)
Heritage for development
and
development for heritage
Heritage - natural
- traditional
- historic
- cultural
Heritage is
comparative
advantage for local
sustainable
development,
renewable.
Literature (for more details)
• Mowforth, M. Munt, I. 2003.
Tourism and
Sustainability:
Development and New
Tourism in the Third
World. Routledge, London.
• Duffy R., 2002. A Trip Too
Far: Ecotourism, Politics
and Exploitation. Stylus
Pub Llc.
• Stronza A., Gordillo J.
(2008.). Community Views
Of Ecotourism , Annals of
Tourism Research, Vol. 35,
No. 2, str.. 448–468,
• Machelworth P.C. and Carić
H., 2009. Gatekeepers of
Island Communities –
Exploring the Pillars of
(Un)Sustainable
Development. Environment,
Development and
Sustainability.