SUSTAINABILITY
Steel and Sustainability
Your Name
Your Title
Date
Event
Location
THE ENVIRONMENT
Air Quality/
Personal Health
Green/
Environmental
Protection
Water Quality/
Community Health
Sustainability/
Environmental
Preservation
Resource
Management/
Responsibility
Stewardship/
Environmental
Management
GLOBAL WARMING
GLOBAL WARMING
GLOBAL WARMING
Short- vs. Long-Term Thinking
• At the very least, you can think of sustainability
as an added feature… at the very most, you can
think of it as a long-term strategy for a betterperforming, more energy-efficient building.
• Efforts to reduce energy consumption or improve
IAQ are akin to a better grade of countertop or
more impressive fixtures.
GLOBAL WARMING
Short- vs. Long-Term Thinking
Up-front costs are typically 2% to 5% more… but
better equipment and materials can turn into
reduced energy costs.
Balance: higher-efficiency windows can equal
smaller HVAC systems.
There are expensive conventional buildings and
expensive green buildings… and there are
inexpensive conventional buildings and
inexpensive green buildings.
GLOBAL WARMING
“Even if you doubt the evidence, providing
incentives for energy efficiency and clean energy
are the right thing to do for our future—because
the nation that leads the clean energy economy
will be the nation that leads the global economy.”
THE ENVIRONMENT
THE MARKET
Non-Residential Construction
MARKETING
PUBLICATIONS
REDESIGN
2010: down 16% from 2009 and 64% from peak in 2006
A Rise in Green
THE GREEN MARKET
Percentage of Total U.S. Non-Residential
Building Market
50
2015 (estimated)
45
40
35
2010
30
25
20
15
2008
10
5
2005
0
U.S. Non-Residential Green Building Market
$120-145 billion opportunity by 2015 (the construction market
accounts for 13.4% of the $13.2 trillion U.S. GDP)
BUILDING IMPACT
Domestic Energy Use
Transportation
28%
Buildings
39%
Industry
33%
Buildings Account For:
• 65.2% of total U.S. electricity consumption
• 30% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
• 136 million tons of construction and demolition waste in the U.S.
• 12% of U.S. potable water use
STRUCTURAL IMPACT
Structural Impact
SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental
Economic
Social
Sustainable development: “Development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LEED
LEED 2009
Innovation &
Design
5%
Indoor
Environmental
14%
Regional Credits
4%
Sites
24%
Materials &
Resources
13%
Water Efficiency
9%
Energy &
Atmosphere
31%
100 possible credits plus 10 extra credits
LEED
LEED Opportunities for Steel
•
MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse—Maintain Existing
Walls, Floors and Roof
•
MR Credit 2: Construction Waste Management
•
MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse
•
MR Credit 4: Recycled Content
•
MR Credit 5: Regional Materials
•
ID Credit 1: Innovation in Design
LEED
LEED
Construction Waste Management
1 credit if 50% of site waste is diverted
from a landfill; 75% = 2 credits
Divert…
…or minimize?
Regional Materials
LEED
Steel mill
X%
Project site
Fabricator
Percentage (based on cost) of the total materials package that
is recovered and manufactured within 500 miles of the project
site. 10% = 1 credit; 20% = 2 credits.
Per USGBC, the steel fabricator is the final point of assembly and is therefore the
manufacturer in terms of LEED Local/Regional Materials credits (unless steel is
delivered directly from the mill to the site).
LEED
Regional Materials
LEED
Regional Materials
LEED
Regional Materials – What’s Wrong?
Economic efficiency
Melt = 100 to 150 tons
Resource utilization
Electricity, scrap, water
Material recovery rates
High demand for scrap
Material feedstock source
Collected within 400 miles
Manufacturing stages
Multiple
Transportation methods
Water, rail or truck
Equivalent utilization
Project basis
1 ton of steel ≠ 1 ton of concrete ≠ 1 ton of wood
Defeating the purpose ≠ good
FROM FARM TO FORK
FROM FARM TO FORK
Transportation Options
Barge = 1 ton @ 675 miles/gallon
Rail = 1 ton @ 450 miles/gallon
Semi = 1 ton @ 150 miles/gallon
LEED
Building Reuse
MARKETING
PUBLICATIONS
REDESIGN
Summit Place, West Allis, Wisc.
Building Reuse (reuse existing envelope, walls, roof and floor)
1 credit if > 55%; 2 credits if > 75%; 3 credits if > 95%
LEED
Material Reuse
MARKETING
PUBLICATIONS
REDESIGN
National Renewable Energy Laboratory –
Research Support Facilities, Golden,
Colorado
Material Reuse (salvaged or refurbished from elsewhere)
1 credit if > 5%; 2 credits if > 10% (based on cost)
LEED
Recycled Content
Sum of post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the
pre-consumer content constitutes at least 10% (based on cost)
of the total materials package = 1 credit; 20% = 2 credits.
LEED
Steel Takes LEED with Recycled Content
EAF
BOF
72.6%
28.9%*
* Unless EAF documented
Steel Recycled Content Value =
(Value of Steel Product) (Post-Consumer % + ½ Pre-Consumer %)
Total materials value for a project =
Material costs of CSI MasterFormat Divisions 3-10, 31 and 32
or
45% of the total cost of those divisions
LEED
Innovation in Design
Path 1: Exemplary Performance (3 possible points)
1 point (each) for exceeding MR 4 and MR 5 by an additional 10%
Path 2: Innovation in Design (5 possible points)
Castellated beams
BEYOND LEED
Extra Credit(s)?
Material Efficiency
• Reward designs that make the most with the least
• Eliminate finishes and expose structure (AESS!)
Design for Deconstruction
• Easy disassembly and reuse of materials
• Catalogue and store pieces for reuse
• No return to the mill
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Industry Improvement
Then (1980)
• 12 labor hours/ton
Now
• 0.5 labor hours/ton
• 47% reduction in carbon footprint (since
1990); on track for 10% more by 2012
• 40% higher strength (since 1990)
• 67% reduction in energy use (since 1980)
• EPA best performance recognition
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Sustainable Material
High strength-to-weight ratio – material efficiency
Superior water resource management results in a
95% water recycling rate with no external
discharges (70 gallons/ton)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Water is Important
1 ton of steel = 70 gallons
1 lb. of steak = 1,857 gallons
1 glass of beer = 20 gallons
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Sustainable Sites
Off-site fabrication, minimal on-site assembly of steel
components
Negligible on-site waste generation
Minimal off-site waste generation
All waste is fully recyclable and marketable
Reduce partial loads of steel materials (saves on gas)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Sustainable Fabrication
Solar panels and daylighting
Material tracking and documentation
More energy-efficient processes and machinery (reduce idle
time of shot blaster)
Cut-length optimization (less scrap)
MARKETING
PUBLICATIONS
REDESIGN
STRUCTURAL STEEL
AISC Member Fabricator Survey
Collected Information
• Steel received and fabricated
• Scrap generated
• Water usage
• Electrical usage
• Waste disposal
• Fuel usage (natural gas, propane, diesel)
• Welding/cutting supplies
• Chemicals (paint, lubricants, cleaning agents)
Criteria
• Global warming potential
• Acidification potential
• Eutrophication potential
• Smog potential
• Non-renewable energy primary demand
STRUCTURAL STEEL
AISC Member Fabricator Survey
Fabricator impact on overall environmental impact: 18%-20%
Opportunities:
Electricity
“Waste” steel (20%)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
NREL Case Study Findings
Fabrication Process
• Fabrication shop lighting upgrade would result in an annual
400,000 kg reduction in CO2 emissions and cost savings of
over $55,000 dollars.
• Reducing average daily idle time of the main shot blaster
would result in an annual 41,000 kg reduction in CO2
emissions.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
NREL Case Study Findings
Fabrication Process
• Rail transport from fabrication to the jobsite could reduce
CO2 emissions by 76%, when compared to truck transport.
• Optimize material cut lengths via expanded coordination
between fabricator and designer to evaluate steel sizing
options early in the design phase.
• Early review of structural dimensions and connections
may identify opportunities for member sizing to better align
with the standard manufactured sizes.
GREEN FAB SHOP
AISC Member Fabricator
Hamilton Construction
Springfield, Oregon
74.3 KW Solar Electric System
Expected cost savings:
• $4,638 in first year
• $280,400 (with a 3% annual
energy rate inflation) lifetime
savings
Environmental savings:
• 2,000 tons of CO2
• 6,000 trees planted
• 209,000 gallons of gasoline
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Sustainable Projects
No limitation on building life span
Easily deconstructed (bolting)
MARKETING
PUBLICATIONS
REDESIGN
Minimal, if any, ongoing maintenance required
Allows for large glazed areas for natural lighting
More exposed steel = less materials to hide it (AESS)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Recycling Aspects
Highest recycled content of any material = 93.3%
Highest recycling rate of any material = 98%
Significant potential for material reuse
Not down-cycled or just recycled, but multi-cycled with no loss
of functionality
A true cradle-to-cradle material!
EVOLUTION
LEED and the Codes
BUILDING CODES
ASHRAE 189.1
IGCC
Sustainable
Infrastructure Project
Rating System
BUILDING CODES
Is it…
• clear of purpose?
• properly applied?
• consensus-based?
• balanced?
Greenwash?
BUILDING CODES
LEED, enforced
At the state level:
More than 30 states now require public buildings to meet LEED
criteria in some way
At the local level:
More than 40 states now contain municipalities with some sort of
LEED mandates
CALGREEN, the nation’s first statewide green building code,
went into effect January 1, 2011.
LCA
Carbon Footprint
2.40 tons CO2/ton
1.40 tons CO2/ton
.937 tons CO2/ton
.936 tons CO2/ton
.895 tons CO2/ton
.762 tons CO2/ton
.730 tons CO2/ton
.620 tons CO2/ton
Who’s “right?”
LCA
Life-Cycle Analysis
vs.
LCA
Life-Cycle Analysis
Two Buildings
Steel
Methodist Women’s Hospital Medical Office Building, Omaha
• 151,910 sq. ft, five stories
• Completion expected this year
• 1,211.49 tons of steel and 5,813.77 cubic yards of concrete.
Concrete
University of Nebraska Medical Center Durham Research
Center, Omaha
• 280,000 sq. ft, eight stories
• Completed in 2006
• 1,940.75 tons of steel and 15,650.41cubic yards of concrete.
LCA
Life-Cycle Analysis
Included
Material production, fabrication, construction, end-of-life deconstruction/landfill for
the structural system
Not Included
Use and maintenance, exterior shell, interior finishing
Functional Unit
One sq. ft of building space
Criteria
• Global warming potential
• Acidification potential
• Eutrophication potential
• Smog potential
• Non-renewable energy primary demand
Data
• GaBi LCI Database (Five Winds)
• Site-specific production data representative of current construction techniques
Life-Cycle Analysis
LCA
Global Warming Potential
25
kg CO2 equivalent
20
15
10
5
0
1 sqft Concrete Bldg.
1 sqft Steel Bldg.
Global Warming Potential
Steel Fabrication
0.1070
0.944
4.60
6.60
0
0.0817
1.00E-03
1.00E-03
Concrete
13.4
9.2
Machinery Diesel Use
0.223
0.252
Transportation Diesel Use
0.648
0.469
Construction Electricity
0.0195
0.0163
1.61E-04
2.60E-04
2.58
2.00
1.35E-03
1.55E-03
Steel Parts
Fireproofing
Concrete Curing Chemicals
Construction Water
Landfill: Concrete
Landfill: Steel
LCA
Life-Cycle Analysis
Steel Building
• Global warming potential (kg CO2 equivalent) 9%
• Acidification potential (mol H+ equivalent – air pollutants
into acids) 8%
• Eutrophication potential (kg Nitrogen equivalent) 9%
• Smog potential (kg Nitrous Oxide equivalent) 14%
• Non-renewable energy primary demand (Mega-Joules) -1%
Life-Cycle Analysis
LCA
200%
180%
160%
134%
140%
Global Warming Potential
[kg CO2-Equiv.]
120%
100%
100%
101%
Acidification Potential
[mol H+ Equiv.]
96%
91%
87%
80%
Eutrophication Potential
[kg N-Equiv.]
60%
Smog Potential [kg NOxEquiv.]
40%
Non-Renewable Primary
Energy Demand [MJ]
81%
20%
0%
Concrete
Steel - Average
Fabricator
Steel - Worst
Fabricator
Steel - Best
Fabricator
Material isn’t moot… but there is more to the picture.
A sustainable, collaborative design process is the key.
DESIGN PROCESS
BIM, Steel and Early Involvement
DESIGN PROCESS
BIM, Steel and Early Involvement
St. Vincent Mercy Hospital, Toledo, Ohio (Ruby + Associates)
Art Iron, Inc. (Steel Fabricator)
Design-Bid-Build
• $2.8 million
• $19.44 per sq. ft
• 910 tons of steel
• $3078.82 per ton
Design-Build
• $2.35 million
• $16.28 per sq. ft
• 772 tons of steel
• $3037.57 per ton
Schedule savings: 17 weeks
Estimated reduction of steel package carbon footprint: 25%
OUTSIDE THE BOX
Nasher Art Museum, Durham, N.C.
RENEWABLE
MOVING FORWARD
What can I do?
Recognize sustainable design and construction is a
growing market and movement
Avoid the “popular” issues – be analytical
Understand LEED
Support the development of a balanced, consensus
based standard for all construction materials in
high-performance, green buildings
Maintain and provide accurate inventory data
Operate in a sustainable manner—turn off the lights!
Engage in collaborative design with the full project
supply chain
THANK YOU!
There’s always a solution in steel.
^
Geoff Weisenberger
Director of Industry Sustainability
American Institute of Steel Construction
weisenberger@aisc.org
Steel Solutions Center
866.ASK.AISC
www.aisc.org/ssc
solutions@aisc.org
Steel and Sustainability
www.aisc.org/sustainability