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Objectives
 Explain how to implement green fleets
 Learn about incentives for converting to
electric drive vehicles
 Learn about the availability and cost of
operating electric drive vehicles
 Identify the advantages of using electric
drive vehicles
 Understand how to safely charge and
operate electric drive vehicles
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Greening of Fleets
 Why use green fleets?
 Reduce operating costs
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
 Improve corporate image
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How to Implement Green Fleets
 Get buy-in
 Create long-term objectives
 Avoid setting reduction goals in absolute
numbers
 Anticipate obstacles
 Move slowly
 Improve vehicle use
 Track and report progress
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Electric Drive Fleets
 EVs = vehicles powered or assisted by
electricity
 Electricity is provided by grid or
generated onboard
 Stored in batteries
 Four types of EVs (HEVs, PHEVs, BEVS,
and FCEVs)
 Each types serves a different purpose
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HEV
 Most common EVs
 Utilize an ICE and one or more electric
motors
 Motor/generator captures or produces
energy
Figure 1: Hybrid commercial fleet vehicles. Source: NAFTC.
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PHEV
 Most PHEVs are modified HEVs
 Larger battery capacity, ability to charge
their batteries by plugging in to the grid
 Can operate on
all electric power
longer than HEV
 Limited all electric
range
Figure 2: Toyota Prius, a popular plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
Source: NAFTC.
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BEV
 Simplest EV design
 Batteries, motors, drivetrain
 Limited range depending upon battery
capacity
Figure 3: The Proterra BEV transit bus. Source: Proterra.
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FCEV
 Most advanced EVs
 Hydrogen gas powers the fuel cell
 Large battery packs are not required
Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.
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Incentives for Using Electric
Drive Vehicles in Fleets
 Incentives
 Partnership initiatives and pooled resources
 Financial subsidiaries
 Informational tools
 Initial cost vs. federal and state incentives
 American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act (ARRA)
 Clean Cities Program
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Did You Know?
Argonne National Laboratory developed a
graphical user interface-based calculator called
AirCRED that calculates air pollutant emissions
based on specific fleet variables. These
emissions “credits” are used to determine
excise tax credits.
To learn more, visit:
www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulatio
n/AirCred
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Tax Incentives
 Federal and state tax rebates
 Research and production rebates
depending upon work done
 Rebates and incentives available for use
of hydrogen fueling equipment
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Federal Grant Funding
 Federal government = largest grant
provider
 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
 U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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State Grant Funding
 State Energy Office (SEO)
 National Association of State Energy
Officials directory
 Alternative Fuels Data Center map
 To find state-specific information, visit
www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state
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Incentives for Electricity
Production
 Electricity is a domestically produced
product
 “Clean” electricity production
 Job opportunities and economic benefits
 Increased demand will lead to a
continually expanding marketplace
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Electricity Cost and Availability
 More than 6,800 public charging
stations nationwide
 Regional electrification programs
 Increased demand will help build an
expanding infrastructure
 Onsite charging
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Figure 5: This map illustrates the number of public charging stations across the country. Source: AFDC.
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Cost
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Electricity production
Installation of charging infrastructure
Cost-per-mile for electricity vs. gasoline
Long-term savings
Production factors – source of electricity,
location of production, availability of raw
materials
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Figure 6: A comparison of electricity and gasoline energy cost per mile. Source: AFDC.
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Cost Factors
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Fuel source for energy production
Charging infrastructure
Cost to process raw materials
Seasonal weather affects on energy
consumption
Figure 7: Electricity and gasoline and diesel cost comparison, 2009-2012. Source: AFDC.
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Electric Drive Advantages
HEV
 Advantages:
 Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel
counterparts
 Lower emissions than conventional vehicles
 Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline
fuel
 Things to Consider:
 Capital cost/purchase price
 Battery life/disposal
 Fuel economy advantages highly dependent upon
driving conditions
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PHEV
 Advantages:


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Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts
Lower emissions than conventional vehicles
Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel
Extended battery only range when compared to HEVs
 Things to Consider:
 Capital cost/purchase price
 Battery life/disposal
 Fuel economy advantages highly dependent upon
driving conditions
 More limited availability than HEVs
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BEV
 Advantages:



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Lower fuel costs
No localized emissions
Quiet operation
At home ‘fueling’ by charging
 Things to Consider:
Capital cost/purchase price
Battery life/disposal
Limited driving range/public charging stations
Limited availability when compared to HEVs
Emissions do occur at fossil fuel powered plants used
to produce electricity
 Charge time
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FCEV
 Advantages:
 Lower fuel costs
 No localized emissions
 Quiet operation
 Things to Consider:
 Capital cost/purchase price
 Limited driving range/public fueling stations
 Limited availability
 Emissions and energy required to produce
hydrogen for use in FCEVs
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Electric Drive Performance and
Safety
 Similar performance and safety when
compared to conventional vehicles
 Each type poses unique issues
 Size and complexity of electrical
systems differ greatly
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Performance
 HEVs and PHEVs
 Similar to conventional vehicles
 Reduced emissions
 High torque available from electric motors
 Driving range is comparable to conventional
vehicles
 Available in light- and heavy-duty applications
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Performance
 BEVs
 Similar performance to conventional vehicles
 Peak torque availability may allow for better
acceleration
 No onboard ICE or complex transmission
system
 Available for niche market applications
 Consistent routes that allow for onsite
charging
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Performance
 FCEVs
 Performance is similar to conventional
vehicles
 Larger battery pack replaced with onboard
hydrogen storage
 Decreased cargo capabilities
 Usually only available through lease programs
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 Required downtime for charging
PHEVs and BEVs
 Three charging levels
 Specific equipment requirements
Figure 8: The main levels of charging available for PHEVs and BEVs. Source: NAFTC.
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 Level 1 = standard 120 volt three-prong
cord
 Wall mounted units available
 Most EVs sold with necessary cords
 At home Level 2 are available as well
Figure 9 (left): Level 2 wall mount charging stations. Source: GE Industrial.
Figure 10 (right): Nissan Leaf charging cord. Source: NAFTC.
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 Level 2 = 240 volt connection
 Typically used with BEVs and some
PHEVs
 Public, home, and onsite fleet charging
Figure 11 (left): Free-standing Level 2 charging station. Source: NAFTC.
Figure 12 (right): Level 2 Minit-Charger private fleet charging infrastructure. Source: Minit-Charger.
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 Level 3 = 480 volt connections
 “Quick charge” systems
 Reduce charge time to half an hour or
less depending upon
the equipment used
 Valuable for use in
the heavy-duty
sector
Figure 13: The Blink DC Fast Charger. Source: Blink Network.
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Electric Drive Performance
Summary
• Similar vehicle performance
• Lower operating/maintenance costs
• Quieter operation
• Fewer local emissions
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Safety
 Same stringent NHSA and DOT safety
standards as conventional vehicles
 Charging equipment safety standards
 High-voltage disconnects within vehicles
 Inertia switches
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 Color coded high-voltage vehicle
components
 Bright orange or light blue insulation
 EVs that are plugged in to charge will
have more cords that may not be color
coded
 Different charging levels, equipment,
charging can be done by anyone
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Electric Drive Safety Summary
• Safety measures in charging stations
• Meet NHSA and DOT standards
• High voltage cables are color coded
• Maintenance should be done by
trained technicians only
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Test Your Knowledge
1.
List the four types of EVs presented for fleet
managers in this section along with their
acronyms.
2. True or False: The GGE price of electric has
remained nearly unchanged between 2009 and
2012.
3. The fastest EV charging requires a Level
_______ charger.
4. True or False: EVs must be charged by only
trained professionals due to electric shock
hazard.
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