Water Quality & Quantity
Climate Change Training Module
Water Quality and Quantity,
Climate Change and Public
Health
Minnesota Climate and Health Program
Minnesota Department of Health
Environmental Impacts Analysis Unit
October 2012
625 Robert Street North
PO Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 55164-0975
Notice
MDH developed this presentation based on
scientific research published in peer-reviewed
journals. References for information can be
found in the relevant slides and/or at the end
of the presentation.
2
Learning Objectives
 Importance of water in Minnesota
 Climate changes in Minnesota
 Public health issues related to:
1. Increases in water
2. Decreases in water
3. Increases in water temperature
3
IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN MINNESOTA
 Water Sources
 Water Cycle
 Water Uses
4
Minnesota: A Land of Water
 Surface water: 11,842
lakes greater than 10
acres and 63,000
miles of rivers and
streams
(NCDC 2006, University of Minnesota Water Resources
Center 2011)
 Groundwater: several
aquifers across the
state and approximately 400,000
drinking water wells
(DNR, 2010; MDH, 2012)
5
Source: University of Minnesota Water Resources Center 2011
Minnesota: A Land of Water
 Has the most freshwater
among the 48 lower
states
1
(University of Minnesota Water Resources Center,
2011)
3
 At the head of four
continental watersheds
and is the headwaters
and origin of three of
the watersheds
(DNR, 2000)
2
4
Source: DNR, 2000
6
Water in Minnesota
 99% of the water that comes into Minnesota is in the
form of precipitation
(University of Minnesota Water Resources Center 2011)
 We control the quality & quantity of water we use
and discard
7
Water in Minnesota
 Three main air masses
affect Minnesota’s
weather:
1.
2.
3.
Cold, dry, polar continental
from the north
Dry, tropical continental
westerlies
Warm, moist tropical
maritime from the Gulf of
Mexico
Major air masses converging to MN
1
2
3
8
Hydrologic Cycle
 The hydrologic cycle
describes the continuous
movement of water:
 Evaporation to the
atmosphere
 Precipitation to the land
 Infiltration to groundwater
 Discharge to surface water
 Changes in climate can
alter the hydrologic cycle
 Temperature affects water
vapor which affects
precipitation
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watershed_tool/hydr
ology.html
9
Water Use
 19% water use comes from ground water and the remaining
comes from surface water
Total water use in MN from 1985 to 2010
10
Water Use
11
Minnesota Drinking Water
 78% of Minnesotans rely
on public drinking water
which is largely from
groundwater (~70%)
 One million Minnesotans
(22%) rely on private
wells, which all use
groundwater
12
Water is Key
 Minnesota is rich in water resources
 High quality, abundant water is essential to
Minnesota economy, culture, future
 Understanding the basic properties of the
water cycle and the atmosphere is
fundamental to understanding impacts of
climate change on water
13
CLIMATE CHANGES
IN MINNESOTA
 Temperature
 Dew point
 Precipitation
14
Weather versus Climate
 Weather: conditions of the
atmosphere over a short
period of time
 Climate: conditions of the
atmosphere over long
periods of time (30-year
standard averaging period)
15
Climate Changes in Minnesota
There have been three recent significant
observed climate trends in Minnesota:
 The average temperature is increasing
 The average number of days with a high
dew point may be increasing
 The character of precipitation is changing
16
Temperature Changes
Temperature has been rising in Minnesota.
Minnesota Average Temperature
12 month period ending December
Source: Western Regional Climate Center
49
Temperature (°F)
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
Ending Year of Period
Annual Average Temperature
10-Year Running Average
17
Temperature Changes
Three significant observations in this overall
warming:
 Winter temperatures have been rising about twice
as fast as annual average temperatures
 Minimum or 'overnight low' temperatures have
been rising faster than the maximum
temperature, or ‘daytime high’
 Since the early 1980s, the temperature has risen
slightly over 1°F in southern Minnesota to a little
over 2°F in much of the northern part of the state
18
Temperature and Ice Cover
Lake Superior
19
Dew Point Changes
 Dew point is a measure of water vapor in the
air
 The higher the dew point, the more difficult it
is for people's sweat to evaporate, which is
how they cool themselves
 The number of days with high dew point
temperatures (≥ 70 °F) may be increasing in
Minnesota
20
Dew Point Changes
Source: Dr. Mark Seeley, Climatologist, University of Minnesota
21
Precipitation Changes
On average, the total precipitation in the state has increased
since the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s.
Minnesota Total Annual Precipitation
12 month period ending in December
Source: Western Regional Climate Center
40
Precipitation (inches)
35
30
25
20
15
10
Ending Year of Period
Total Annual Precipitation
10-year Running Average
22
Precipitation Changes
 The character of precipitation in Minnesota is
changing
 More localized, heavy precipitation events
 Potential to cause both increased flooding and
drought
23
Public health issues related to:
 Increases in water
 Decreases in water
 Increases in water temperature
Increases in Water
Highway 169 between St. Peter and LeSueur
 Precipitation Changes
 Flooding
 Humidity & Dew Point
Precipitation Changes
Changes in Snowfall Contributions to Wintertime Precipitation
(1949 to 2005)
More wintertime precipitation falls as rain rather than snow
 This trend may increase risks of runoff and floods
 Reduced snowpack may lead to lower water levels and drought in
late summer
(Karl et al. 2009)
26
Precipitation Changes
 Greatest increase in very
heavy precipitation in the
past 50 years occurred in
the Northeast and the
Midwest
(Karl et al. 2009)
 Total precipitation in the
Midwest and Northeast is
expected to increase the
most with the largest
increases in heavy
precipitation events
(Karl et al. 2009)
Very heavy precipitation is defined as the heaviest 1 percent
of all daily events from 1958 to 2007 for each region.
27
Public Health Issues - Precipitation
Extreme Precipitation
Sewage
overflows
Physical injuries
and destruction
of property
Increased runoff:
sediment,
contaminants,
nitrate, etc.
Contamination
of surface and
groundwater
Waterborne disease outbreaks from drinking
water or recreational contact (beachgoers):
Giardiasis, E coli, Cryptosporidium
28
Flooding
 Flooding results from a combination of
 Land use changes that reduce infiltration
 Undersized sewer/stormwater pipes
 Extreme precipitation and/or rapid snowmelt
 Flood magnitude and
frequency are likely to
increase in most
regions, and volumes
of low flows are likely
to decrease in many
regions
(Field et al, 2007)
29
Flooding
 2012 Duluth/northeastern Minnesota 500-year flood
event
Photo credits: Rachel Agurkis
(top), Derek Montgomery for
MPR (right)
30
Public Health Issues - Flooding
 Potential increases of:
 physical injuries
(including drowning)
 allergies (mold)
 food and water-borne
illnesses
 food security
 displacement
 mental health issues
 interruption of
emergency services
(WHO, 2010)
Oslo, MN, May 14, 2009
35 days after the Red River flooded
31
Public Health Issues - Flooding
 Foodborne illnesses (e.g. Salmonellosis)
 Increased risk from contamination of certain food crops
with feces from nearby livestock or wild animals following
heavy rain and flooding
(Ebi et al, 2008; CCSP, 2008)
 Waterborne illnesses
 Caused by pathogens
(e.g. Cryptosporidium and
Giardia) which may increase
following downpours
 Can also be transmitted
in drinking water and
through recreational use
(Ebi et al, 2008; CCSP, 2008)
32
Public Health Issues - Flooding
1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidium Outbreak
 1.61 M people were affected;
over 400,000 w/ significant
symptoms; 100 people died
 Median duration of illness was
9 days (range, 1 to 55)
 Clinical manifestations
included watery diarrhea
(93%), abdominal cramps
(84%), fever (57%), vomiting
(48%)
 $31.7 million in total medical
costs and $64.6 million in total
lost productivity
33
Public Health Issues - Flooding
 Mental health: anxiety disorders, depression,
psychological effects
(Ebi et al. 2008)
34
Humidity/Dew Point Increase
 Greater frequency of tropical-like
atmospheric water vapor
(Mark Seeley, 2012)
35
Humidity/Dew Point Increase
 July 19, 2011: highest dew point temperature recorded
ever in Minnesota 88°F dew point in Moorhead
(combined with 93°F air temperature, it felt like 130°F)
(State Climatology Office)
36
Heat Index
The Heat Index (HI): calculation that describes how the air
temperature and dew point are perceived the human body
(Source: NWS, 2011b)
37
Public Health Issues – Humidity & Heat
 Human health issues:
 heat rash, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, death
 Stressed livestock:
 reduced milk
production, reproduction
problems, death
 Algae blooms
 Mold
 Increased vector and
microorganism populations
38
Decrease in Water
 Drought
 Lower water
levels
Drought
40
Water Levels: Great Lakes

Average Great Lakes levels depends on the balance between precipitation and evaporation
(Hayhoe et al. 2010)
41
Public Health Issues –
Drought & Lower Water Levels
 Reduced soil moisture reserves,
groundwater supplies, lake and
wetland levels, and stream flows
 Potential concentration of
pollutants
 Decreasing water supply for
drinking water and agriculture
 Agriculture: adversely affects crop progress and soil moisture and therefore
food supply
 Wildfire dangers (e.g., Pagami Creek Fire, Boundary Waters Canoe Area
Wilderness – started August 18th 2011; 92,682 acres as of Oct. 13th 2011):
injuries, property damage, anxiety, psychological effects
42
Increase in Water Temperature
 Changes in fish
populations &
mercury
 Algal blooms
 Reduced dissolved
oxygen
 Incomplete mixing
 Increased vectors
 Invasive species/ northern expansion of
organisms
Fish Populations & Mercury
 Warmer waters could harm
fish populations and
biological activity of cold
aquatic ecosystems
 Warmer waters and rainfall
intensity may be
contributing to an increase
in mercury concentrations
in fish
Conceptual diagram of climate
warming effects on Minnesota fish
communities
Source: Peter Jacobson,
DNR Fisheries Research Supervisor
44
Harmful Algal Blooms & Reduced
Dissolved Oxygen
 Increased pollution and temperatures can
result in blooms of harmful algae and bacteria
and reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen
45
Incomplete mixing
Stratification
 Longer periods of stratification (surface and
water bottom don’t mix) may cause dead
zones (low oxygen levels) and decrease selfpurification capabilities of water features
 May cause fish kills, poor water quality,
increased insect populations, etc.
46
Increased vectors
 Climate change may contribute to the
breeding of insects (e.g., mosquitoes) and
may increase the risk of vector-borne
diseases (e.g., West Nile virus)
Invasive species & northern
expansion of organisms
 Invasive species




Asian carp
Zebra mussels
Sea lamprey
Many zebra mussels attached to a
DNR Invasive Species
native mussel.
website:
Source: MN DNR
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/index.html
 Expansion of disease-causing organisms
 Naegleria fowleri
Public Health Strategies




Green infrastructure
Grey infrastructure
Emergency Preparedness
Individual Strategies
49
Green Infrastructure
 Rely on natural processes:
 Evaporation
 Trees and plant cover
 Infiltration
 Rain gardens
 Pervious pavers
 Wetlands
Above: Target Center Roof in Minneapolis
Conservation Subdivision 50
Grey Infrastructure
 Increase capacity of stormwater pipes,
storage tanks and wastewater treatment
facilities to accommodate larger rain events
51
Green & Grey Infrastructure
Water Management Solutions
1. Protect natural
drainage patterns,
watersheds and water
bodies
2. Infiltrate and collect
water
3. Plant native, droughtresistant plants
4. Conserve water (e.g.,
low irrigation
agriculture)
5. Reuse water
Source: DNR, 2011d
52
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness:
 Plan for floods and extreme weather events
 Minnesota Water/Wastewater Agency Response Network
(MnWARN): http://www.mnwarn.org/
 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) website on preparing
for floods: http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/waste/wasteand-cleanup/cleanup-programs-and-topics/cleanupprograms/emergency-response/floods-minimizing-pollution-andhealth-risks.html
 Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) website on protecting
private wells from floods:
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/floode
d.html
 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Flood
Insurance Program: http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/
53
Individual Strategies
Contaminated Water
 Drink bottled water during and/or after a flood or outbreak
 Get your well tested
 http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/index.html
 Treat contaminated water
 http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/disinfection.ht
ml
 Seek information on beaches prior to swimming and avoid
visibly contaminated waters
 Beach info: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/beaches/index.html
 Blue-green algae:
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/topics/bluegreenalgae.html
 Track fish consumption advisories
 http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/fish/
54
Summary
 Water has always been an important and abundant
resource in Minnesota
 Minnesota’s climate is predicted to change in the future
and will impact water quality and quantity
 There are serious public health issues related to:
 Increases in water
 Decreases in water
 Increases in water temperature
 Strategies to prevent injury and illness include
infrastructure adaptation and public health planning and
response
55
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by cooperative
agreement 5UE1EH000738 from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention
Special thanks to the following people for their
contributions to the creation of this training module:
Anita Anderson, MDH
Patti Craddock, Short Elliott Hendrickson Inc. (SEH)
Chris Elvrum, MDH
Tannie Eshenaur, MDH
Ann Pierce, DNR
Angela Preimesberger, MPCA
Lih-in Rezania, MDH
Andrew Sullivan, Eden Prairie
56
Thank you
Questions?
Contact the Minnesota Climate and Health Program:
651-201-4893
health.climatechange@state.mn.us
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/climatechange/
October 10, 2012
57
References
Associate Press. Karnowski, S. 2012. Summer's heat taking toll on fish in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Dakotas. 7/12/2012. Reprinted by Pioneer Press:
http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_21062734/heat-wave-takes-toll-minnesotas-fish
Austin JA, and Colman SM. 2007. Lake Superior summer water temperatures are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperatures: A positive ice-albedo
feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06604, doi:10.1029/2006GL029021. Available online: www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL029021.shtml
Austin JA, and Colman SM. 2008. A century of temperature variability in Lake Superior. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53, 2724–2730. Available online:
www.aslo.org/lo/pdf/vol_53/issue_6/2724.pdf
Climate Change Science Program (CCSP). 2008. Analyses of the effects of global change on human health and welfare and human systems. A Report by the U.S. Climate
Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. [Gamble JL (ed.), Ebi KL, Sussman FG, Wilbanks TJ, (Authors)]. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
Climate Institute. 2010. Human Health. Available online: http://www.climate.org/topics/health.html
Confalonieri U, Menne B, Akhtar R, Ebi KL, Hauengue M, Kovats RS, Revich B and Woodward A. 2007. Human health. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 391-431.
Conway T and Tans P. 2011. NOAA/ESRL. Available online: www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
Curriero FC, Patz JA, Rose JB, Lele S. 2001. The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994.
American Journal of Public Health, 91(8): 1194-1199.
Davis JP, MD. 2010. Case Study: Lessons from the Massive Waterborne Outbreak of Cryptosporidium Infections, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1993. Bureau of Communicable
Disease and Emergency Response, Wisconsin Division of Public Health. Available online: http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/Davis_FRI_Water_Nov2010.pdf
Dukes JS and Mooney HA. 1999. ‘Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?’. Trends in Ecology & Evolution (4) 135-139
Governor Dayton, M. 2012. Individual Assistance request to President Barak Obama. July 19, 2012.
Department of Natural Resources (DNR). 2000. Minnesota’s Water Supply: Natural Conditions and Human Impacts. Available online:
http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/waters/mn_water_supply.pdf
___________. 2010. Water Availability Assessment Report. Available online: http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/reports/legislative/2010_water_availablity.pdf
___________. 2011a. Drought. Available online: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/drought/index.html
___________. 2011b. Flooding in Minnesota. Available online: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/floods/index.html
___________. 2011c. Lake Level Minnesota. Available online: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/waterlevels/lakes/ index.html
___________. 2011d. Watershed Assessment Tool – Geomorphology Concepts. Available online:
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/watershed_tool/geomorph_concepts.html
Desai, A.R., J.A. Austin, V. Bennington, and G.A. McKinley. 2009. Stronger winds over a large lake in response to weakening air-to-lake temperature gradient. Nature
Geosci. 2: 855–858. Available online: www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n12/abs/ngeo693.html
Ebi KL, Balbus J, Kinney PL, Lipp E, Mills D, O’Neill MS, and Wilson M. 2008. Effects of global change on human health. In: Analyses of the Effects of Global Change on
Human Health and Welfare and Human Systems [Gamble JL (ed.), Ebi KL, Sussman FG, and Wilbanks TJ (authors)]. Synthesis and Assessment Product
4.6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp. 39-87.
58
References (cont.)
Ellison CA, Sanocki CA, Lorenz DL, Mitton GB, and Kruse GA. 2011. Floods of September 2010 in Southern Minnesota. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations
Report 2011–5045, 37 p., 3 app.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 2011. Federal Disaster Declarations. Available online: http://www.fema.gov/news/disasters.fema
Field CB, Mortsch LD, Brklacich M, Forbes DL, Kovacs P, Patz JA, Running SW, and Scott MJ. 2007. North America. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Parry ML,
Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, and Hanson CE(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, pp. 617-652.
Hansen J, Ruedy R, Sato M, and Lo K. 2010. Global Surface Temperature Change. Reviews of Geophysics 48: RG4004. p.12
Hayhoe, K., VanDorn, J., Croley, T., Schlegal, N., & Wuebbles, D. (2010). Regional climate change projections for Chicago and the U.S. Great Lakes. Journal of Great
Lakes Research, 36, 7-21.
Hondzo M, and Stefan HG. 1991: Three case studies of lake temperature and stratification response to warmer climate. Water Resources Research, 27(8), 18371846.
Horstmeyer, SL. 2008. Relative humidity . . . Relative to what? The dew point temperature . . . a better approach. Available online:
http://www.shorstmeyer.com/wxfaqs/humidity/humidity.html
Karl TR, Melillo JM, and Peterson TC, (eds.) 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. Available online:
http://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/climate-impacts-report.pdf
Keeling R. 2012. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Available online: scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/
Kemble, et al. 2012. Fatal Naegleria fowleri infection acquired in Minnesota: possible expanded range of a deadly thermophilic organism. Clin Infect Dis. 2012
Mar;54(6):805-9. Epub 2012 Jan 11.
Kessler R. 2011. Stormwater Strategies: Cities prepare aging infrastructure for climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol 119, Num 12.
Kling et al. 2003. Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region. Union of Concerned Scientists. Available online: http://www.ucsusa.org/greatlakes/
Konikow, L.F., and Kendy, E., 2005, Groundwater depletion: A global problem: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 13, p. 317-320.
Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW, Döll P, Kabat P, Jiménez B, Miller KA, Oki T, Sen Z and Shiklomanov IA. 2007. Freshwater resources and their management.
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, and Hanson CE(eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, pp. 617-652.
Midwestern Regional Climate Center. 2010. Climate Change & Variability in the Midwest. Temperature and Precipitation Trends 1895 – 2010. Available online:
http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/climate_midwest/mwclimate_ change.htm#
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). 2011a. Blue-green Algae and Harmful Algal Blooms. Available online:
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-types-and-programs/surface-water/lakes/lake-water-quality/blue-green-algae-and-harmful-algal-blooms.html
___________. 2011b. Floods: Minimizing Pollution and Health Risks. Available online: http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/waste/waste-and-cleanup/cleanupprograms-and-topics/cleanup-programs/emergency-response/floods-minimizing-pollution-and-health-risks.html
59
References (cont.)
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR). 2011a. Pagami Creek Fire in BWCA now estimated at 100,000 acres. Available online:
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/09/13/pagami-fire-60000-acres-evacuations-underway/
__________. 2011b. Crazy record! Highest dew point ever at MSP Airport (82!). Available online:
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/updraft/archive/2011/07/another_48_hours_of_relentless.shtml
Monson, Bruce. 2009. Trend Reversal of Mercury Concentrations in Piscivorous Fish from Minnesota Lakes: 1982#2006. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (6), 1750-1755.
Morel FMM, Kraepiel AML, and Amyot M. 1998: The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 543-566.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2005. What’s the Difference Between Weather and Climate? Available online:
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa/climate/climate_weather.html
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). 2006. Climate of Minnesota. Available online: http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf
National Parks Service. 2010. What is Climate Change? Available online: http://www.nps.gov/goga/naturescience/climate-change-causes.htm
National Weather Service (NWS). 2011. Heat: A Major Killer. Available online: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/heat/index.shtml
__________________. 2012. Climate Prediction Center Seasonal Drought Outlook. Available online:
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/seasonal_drought.html
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2011. National Climactic Data Center, Storm Event Database. Available online:
http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwEvent~Storms
Noji EK. Natural disaster. Crit Care Clim 1991; 14:27-92.
Ohl CA and Tapsell S. 2000. Flooding and human health. BMJ 2000;321:1167
Santer BD, Thorne PW, Haimberger L, Taylor KE, Wigley TML, Lanzante JR, Solomon S, Free M, Gleckler PJ, Jones PD, Karl TR, Klein SA, Mears C, Nychka D, Schmidt
GA, Sherwood SC, and Wentz FJ. 2008. Consistency of modeled and observed temperature trends in the tropical troposphere. International Journal
of Climatology, 28(13), 1703-1722.
Seeley M. 2012. Climate Trends and Climate Change in Minnesota: A Review. Minnesota State Climatology Office. Available online: http://climate.umn.edu/seeley/
Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Alley RB, Berntsen T, Bindoff NL, Chen Z, Chidthaisong A, Gregory JM, Hegerl GC, Heimann M, Hewitson B, Hoskins BJ, Joos F, Jouzel J,
Kattsov V, Lohmann U, Matsuno T, Molina M, Nicholls N, Overpeck J, Raga G, Ramaswamy V, Ren J, Rusticucci M, Somerville R, Stocker TF, Whetton
P, Wood RA and Wratt D. 2007. Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor
M and Miller HL (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS). Data downloaded April 2012. Available online:
http://webra.cas.sc.edu/hvri/products/sheldus.aspx
State Climatology Office. Department of Natural Resources – Division of Ecological and Water Resources and the University of Minnesota – Department of Soil,
Water, and Climate. Available online: http://climate.umn.edu/
Drought Information Resources (http://climate.umn.edu/doc/journal/drought_ information_resources.htm)
Dew Point (http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm)
Dew Point July 19, 2011 Technical Analysis (http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/july_19_2011_ technical.pdf)
60
References (cont.)
State Climatology Office (cont.)
Drought 1988 (http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/drought88.pdf)
Drought 2011 (http://climate.umn.edu/doc/journal/drought_2011.htm)
Flash Floods (http://climate.umn.edu/doc/flashflood.htm)
Heavy Rainfall 2010 (http://climate.umn.edu/doc/journal/flash_floods/ff100924.htm)
Historic Lake Ice-Out Dates (http://climate.umn.edu/doc/ice_out/ice_out_historical.htm)
Minnesota State-Averaged Annual Precipitation Trends: 1891-2010 (http://climate.umn.edu/ doc/online_resources.htm
Trenberth, K. E., J. T. Fasullo, and J. Mackaro. 2011: Atmospheric moisture transports from ocean to land and global energy flows in reanalyses. Journal of Climate,
doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4171.1
University of Minnesota Water Resources Center. 2011. Minnesota Water Sustainability Framework. Available online:
http://wrc.umn.edu/prod/groups/cfans/@pub/@cfans/@wrc/documents/asset/cfans_asset _292471.pdf
US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2011. Agriculture and Food Supply. Available online: http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/agriculture.html
US Forest Service Incident Information System. 2011. Pagami Creek Fire. Available online: http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2534/
US Geological Survey (USGS). 1991. National Water Summary 1988-89: Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts. Available online:
http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/minnesota_floods_and_drought.pdf
________. 2012. The Water Cycle, a Quick Summary. (website). Accessed online May 2012: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclehi.html
US National Hazard Statistics. 2012. Accessed 7/30/2012. Available online: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml
Water on the Web: http://www.waterontheweb.org/index.html
Western Regional Climate Center. (WRCC) 2011a. Minnesota Temperature 1890 – 2010: 12 month period ending in December. Generated online November 2011.
Available online: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/spi/divplot1map.html
________. 2011b. Minnesota Precipitation 1890 – 2010: 12 month period ending in December. Generated online November 2011. Available online:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/spi/divplot1map.html
Williamson CE, Saros JE, and Schindler DW. 2009: Sentinels of change. Science, 323(5916), 887-888.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. Climate change and health. Fact sheet N°266. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/
Zandlo, Jim 2008. Observing the climate. Minnesota State Climatology Office. Available online:
http://climate.umn.edu/climateChange/climateChangeObservedNu.htm
61
Photo Credits
























Slide 4: Photograph by Chaïna Bapikee
Slide 7: Images from Microsoft Clip Art
Slide 12: Images from Microsoft Clip Art
Slide 15: Images from Microsoft Clip Art
Slide 19: Images from Microsoft Clip Art
Slide 25: KEYC Television
Slide 26: Photograph by Sam Choo, available at
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/updraft/archive/2011/07/another_48_hours_of
_relentless.shtml
Slide 29: Photograph by Patsy Lynch/FEMA, August 23, 2007 Stockton
Slide 30: Left image from Rachel Agurkis, Right image from Derek Montgomery for MPR
Slide 31: Photograph by Ed Edahl/FEMA, May 14, 2009 Oslo
Slide 32: Image of salmonella from Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
Slide 33: Photograph credit - Kathy Blair & Jeffrey P. Davis, MD Wisconsin Division of Public Health
Slide 34: Photograph by Gettyimages
Slide 35: Image by Tildology, available at http://tildology.com/2011/07/19/misery-index-weather-wise/
Slide 36: The Weather Channel 2011
Slide 38: Top image from AFP/Getty Images (provided by Peter Synder, UMN)
Slide 39: Left photograph DNR, right photograph by Chaïna Bapikee
Slide 42: Photograph by Kate Houston
Slide 43: Image from Microsoft Clip Art
Slide 45: Photograph of blue-green algae, Source: MPCA
Slide 47: Image of mosquito from Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
Slide 48: Image of zebra mussels from MN DNR, available at
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/zebramussel/index.html
Slide 50: Top image from Pam Blixt, City of Minneapolis; bottom image from Microsoft Clip Art
Slide 51: Image of culvert from Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert
62