DRAFT
Analysis of Wastewater Management Sector in
Palestine
Nidal Mahmoud+ and Adel Yasin++
+Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University
++ Director of Sanitary Department/ Palestinian Water Authority PWA
April 8, 2015
1
Presentation Outline
• Background about past
situation
• present situation
• Challenge1:Water
Supply
• Challenge 2: Fund
• Challenge3: Israeli
Conditions
• Challenge4: WWTP
Criteria
April 8, 2015
•
•
•
•
•
Challenge5: Upgrade old
WW Network
Challenge 6: Effluent
Disposal
Challenge 7: Policy &
Laws
Challenge 8: Capacity
Building
Looking for the Future
2
The Past situation for
wastewater system
 During the occupation period, wastewater Sector
used to be a very neglected issue
• There are collection networks in the main cities
and refugee camp (served 28-32% of
population) remaining population uses cesspits
• Many of these networks are old and poorly
designed established before 1967 through
Jordanian Administration and stayed without
development
April 8, 2015
3
The Past situation for
wastewater system-continued
• 40-50 MCM/Y of ww is generated, around
15 MCM/Y is collected by network then
discharged into open areas (wadis)
• Around 400 locations for vacuum tankers
for discharging ww
• There are very few un-functional
wastewater treatment plant (94% of ww is
discharged to wadies)
April 8, 2015
4
The Past situation for
wastewater system-continued
• The un-treated Wastewater flows into the
wadis
• Some farmers use the mixture of both
untreated wastewater and spring water in
irrigation specially in Nablus and AlFar’a
area
April 8, 2015
5
Wastewater status in WB
No.
Main cities
% of ww
services
Treatment services
1
Jenin
55
Not function
2
Tulkarem
75
Primarily stage
3
Qalqilya
70
No
4
Nablus
80
No
5
Salfit
80
On going
6
Ramallah
75
Low efficiency
7
El Bireh
88
High efficiency
8
Jerusalem
95
Under Israeli control
9
Bethelem
85
No
10
Hebron
80
On going
Jericho
Zero
April 8, 2015
11
No
6
Percentage of Households that
Use Cesspits
April 8, 2015
Percentage of Households that Use Cesspits by
Type of Locality and Region, 1997
(http://www.pcbs.org)
7
Status of WW management in
Palestine !?
April 8, 2015
8
Israeli Colonies effects on the
Environment
• Israel is controlling the Palestinians for 40 years
but they did nothing to protect the environment
• Israel moved most of internationally forbidden
industries to the West Bank and disposes all
toxic effluents into Palestinian land without
tratment
• 95% of the industry in the sraeli settlements is
considered toxic & dangerous industries
April 8, 2015
9
Israeli Colonies effects on the
Environment
 Total effluent seawage discharged to the
Wadis by Israeli Settlements is around 50
MCM
• Palestinian Agricultural lands around the
settlements were destroyed by untrated effluent
April 8, 2015
10
Israeli Colonies effects on the
Environment
the last 10 years, The Palestinians allocated
250Millin USD for WWT projects but the
Israelis stopped us by one way or
another
HOW!!!:
• Security Areas
• Connection of Illegal settlements
• High Standards & Specifications
April 8, 2015
11
Existing and near future WWTP
Projects
April 8, 2015
12
WW Projects
No.1
Treatment name
Status
1
Existing Jenin TP
Overload and not function
2
Proposed Jenin regional TP
Needs fund
3
Proposed Tubas TP
Needs fund
4
Proposed Nablus west TP
Tendering process
5
Proposed Nablus east TP
Needs fund
6
Existing Tulkarem ponds
Pre-treatment
7
Proposed Tulkarem TP
Design phase
8
Proposed Salfeet TP
Waiting for notice to proceed
9
Existing of El-Bireh TP
Function at 2003
10
Existing of Ramallah TP
Overload
11
Proposed of Ramallah TP
Preparing the feasibility study
12
Proposed Jericho TP
Needs fund
13
Proposed Wadi Al-Nar TP
Preparing feasibility study
14
Proposed Hebron regional TP
Tendering process
15 8, 2015Proposed Ad Dahrriya TP
April
Needs fund
13
Regional Sewerage Project
Jenin
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project: Regional Sewerage Jenin
Total Investment:40 Million USD
Donor: Germany KFW
Start Implementation: not yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: TOR prepared needs approval from JWC
Obstacles: Feasibility study could not be
tendered before approval
April 8, 2015
14
Regional WW Disposal Tulkarm
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project: Regional Sewerage Tulkarm
Total Investment:45 Million USD
Donor: Germany-KFW
Start Implemntation:2008
Period of Implemntation: 3 years
Status: Feasibility Study ready
Obstacles:
April 8, 2015
15
Sewerage Nablus West
• Project: Sewerage Nablus-west
(investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures
• Total Investment:
• Donor:Germany -KFW
• Start Implemntation:1998
• Period of Implemntation: 37.8 Million USD
• Status: Final Design ready
• Obstacles:
April 8, 2015
16
Ramallah Sewerage Treatment
Project
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project: Ramallah Sewerage Treatment
Total Investment:
Donor: Germany KFW
Start Implemntation:Not yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: Feasibility study Ready
Obstacles: TP Location
April 8, 2015
17
Al-Bireh Wastewater Treatment
Plant
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project: Sewerage Al-Bireh
Objectives
Total Investment: 12 Million USD
Donor: Germany - KFW
Start Implemntation:1998
Period of Implemntation: 2.5 Years
Status: Functional TP
Obstacles:
April 8, 2015
18
Salfeet Sewerage
• Project: Sewerage Salfeet
(investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures
• Total Investment:11 Million USD
• Donor: Germany KFW
• Start Implemntation: 1995
• Period of Implemntation:
• Status: postponded
• Obstacles:JWU approval
April 8, 2015
19
Hebron WWTP
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project:
Total Investment: 45 Million USD
Donor: USAID
Start Implemntation: Not Yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: Postponded
Obstacles: Regulation of USAID
April 8, 2015
20
Jericho WW collection System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project:
Total Investment: () Million USD
Donor: JICA
Start Implemntation: Not Yet
Period of Implemntation: 3 years
Status: Feasibility Study is Ready
Obstacles: Location of WWTP, JWC
Approvement
April 8, 2015
21
Abu-Dis WW collection System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Project: Abu-Dis, Al-Izarita & Az-Zaim WW
Total Investment: (25) Million USD
Donor: Submitted to AFD
Start Implemntation: Not Yet
Period of Implemntation:
Status: Obstacles: Not Funded yet
April 8, 2015
22
Despite all what have been done, still
huge efforts are needed to properly
manage the wastewater in Palestine
April 8, 2015
23
Challenges1: Water Supply
Priorities
• Providing drinking water systems takes the
priority where still more than 220
thousands in around 220 communities
without networks
• Chaleenge2:
Raising huge amount of fund to improve
WW sector services more than billion US
Dollar are needed
April 8, 2015
24
Challenge2: Limitation of fund
and donor regulations and
requirements
• Challenge3: unsustainability & stability of
External Donation
Donor funds only to have sustainable &
sanitation infrastructures, PWA policy and
strategies should carefully considers the
affordability of beneficiaries to pay for this
service
April 8, 2015
25
Challenges
Israeli conditions through JWC that affect,
postponds, stop projects for unreasonable
aspects
• Connection of illegal Israeli Settlement
effluent to Palestinian Sewerage Systems
• Specifications and standars of effluents
and treated ww imposed by Israelis
• Security aspects
April 8, 2015
26
Challenges
• Challenges4: selection of Appropriate treatment
systems and technologies
that leads to WW management driving forces and
treatment technologies that achieve specific
criterias by utilizing all type of technologies that
help to minimize the running cost, example:
produce gas CH4, incineration of sludge and
available solid waste
April 8, 2015
27
Driving Forces for WW
Management
• Public health risks: waterborne diseases
• Environmental protection: water resources and
soil
• National and regional policies: standards and
guidelines
• Adequate sanitation services: life quality
standards
• Economical benefits: reuse and recreation
• Political issues: regional stability
April 8, 2015
28
Criteria for WWT selection
• Satisfactory treatment efficiency towards: COD/BOD, suspended
solids, N, P, etc.
• Robust technology: high stability towards power cut, peak loads,
toxicants, etc.
• Flexible with respect to future amendments (extensions,
improvement)
• Simple in operation maintenance and control
• Limited number of treatment steps
• Absence of disposal problems (e.g. sludge)
• No malodour nuisance
• Availability of local experience
• Designed for (by) product recovery
April 8, 2015
29
Challenges
Challenge 5: Upgrading of the West Bank
old urban sewage works
• Odor nuisance:
-Overloaded pond systems
-Misconception in design
• Land availability:
- No space for extension
April 8, 2015
30
Challenge 6: Final effluent
disposal
 Reuse in agriculture: where, this was one of the main
target of Master Plan started in 1996
• Treated ww recycling and reuse is considered a very
important option for generating additional water
resources to replace fresh water used for
agricultural and industrial purposes
 Artificail Recharge through Disposal final effluent in
Wadis: environmental impact; compliance with
political agreements
April 8, 2015
31
Challenge 7: Enforcement of
policy and laws
PWA policy:
• Based on “Polluter Pays Principle” and
envisages a full cost recovery based on
affordability basis, water-tariff models should be
developed to assure cost recovery
Palestinian Water Law:
• - Set of regulations and rules entailing pollution
fees for environmental pollution handlings
April 8, 2015
32
Challenge 8: Capacity building
• Building and maintaining a core staff for
managing and regulating the wastewater
projects: review of documents and
formulation of future plans
• Prepare for all training and capacity building
program that required to support sustainable
operation of the WWTP, and to achieve value
from reuse of the treated wastewater.
April 8, 2015
33
Look into the Future
Sustainable planning of WWTP
WW treatment facilities
• Realistic planning and management?
• Affordable CAPEX and OPEX?
Political issues
• Sovereignty?
• Political power?
• Commitment?
April 8, 2015
34
Look into the Future
Sustainable Operation Small
WWTP
Financial Resources
• Effective financial management
• Socio-cultural aspects
• Public awareness and cleaner production tools
Institutional issues
• Establishment of wastewater associations?
• Private sector involvement in sanitation services
• Pollution control & reuse guidelines?
• Water quality & public health protection?
April 8, 2015
35