OCEAN FOOD WEBS
OUTLINE
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Final Overview
Foundations of Ecology
Bottom Up/Top down control
Representative Ocean Food Webs
Marine Pollution
FINAL – Friday 4PM (300 pts)
Bring GREEEN SCANTRON
30 X 7pts Mutli-choice Qs.
2 X 10pts Math Qs from H-work
5 X 14pts Short Answers
ALL ASSIGNMENTS MUST TURNED In today or FRIDAY
Grades turned in/posted following Week
OUTLINE
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Final Overview
Foundations of Ecology
Bottom Up/Top down control
Representative Ocean Food Webs
Marine Pollution
• What is Ocean Ecology?
– Interactions b/w oceanic organisms and their
environment
Described using FOOD Chains & FOOD Webs
- contain various Trophic levels (mode of Nutrition)
 Trophoic FOOD Pyramids
may be based on numbers of BioMass and Energy
• Challenge Question
– What is Trophic Efficiency?
• Ratio of E in one trophic level / E vs next lowest trophic level
Et/Et-1
– Trophic efficiency represents efficiency of transfer of E b/w
trophic levels
– Provide theoretical basis for calculating productivity given
food web will support
» E.g. fisheries management
• IF Trophic Effeciency was say 10%
– How many calories of Copepods (zooplank) could be sustained from
?
• How many calories of anchovies could then survive from
• 10,000,000 calories of Phytoplakton
– 1,000,000 calories of copepods?
• Lindeman (1941) Defines an Ecosystem
– Challenge Question - What is it?
• “a system of Physical, Chemical and Biological processes
active within a space-time unit of any magnitude”
• Or Community of organisms and the abiotic factors
with which they interact
OUTLINE
•
•
•
•
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Final Overview
Foundations of Ecology
Bottom Up/Top down control
Representative Ocean Food Webs
Marine Pollution
Bottom Up/Top down control
– Challenge Questions?
• What is the difference b/w
– Bottom Up,
– Top Down and
– Wasp waste control of Food Webs in Ocean Ecology
Top Down
Wasp/Waste
Bottom Up
• Seasonal (water temp) changes along Monterrey CA
coast
– Influence fisheries distribution
– Wasp-Waste Control (middle trophic level control)
• Classical Food Web, Alistair Hardy (1924)
• The Microbial Food web
– Marine bacteria
– A new perspective
OUTLINE
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•
•
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Final Overview
Foundations of Ecology
Bottom Up/Top down control
Representative Ocean Food Webs
Marine Pollution
•Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Upwelling Event – Food Web Dynamics
• Representative Ocean Food Webs
– Upwelling Ecosystems
• Most productive in Worlds Oceans
• Good example of Transitional Food webs
– Upwelled Nutrients  phyto blooms  zoo grazing  anchovies 
 large fish  seals  Sharks
– 10% Ocean Primary Productivity
– 20% worlds Fisheries Catch
•Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Marginal Ice Zone Ecosystem – Food Web Dynamics
Fig. 14.12
•Representative Ocean Food Webs
•Ice edge Ecosystem –spring/summer- Food Web Dynamics
•Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Mid water food web Ecosystem – The Biological Pump
•Representative Ocean Food Webs
•Hydrothermal Vent – Food Web Dynamics
•Chemosynthesis!
• Representative Ocean Food Webs
• Confirming your knowledge
– Where are the 5 areas Major Oceanic Fisheries Industry?
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West Coast N. America
Peru Coast
N.W. Africa
S.W. Africa
Ethiopia
– What physical/chemical and biological factors cause
them to be so productive?
• Prevailing winds  upwelling of Nutrients  phyto blooms
• Marine Pollution
– National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1970
– 40 years of environmental protection is showing some benefits
– Terrestrial Acid rain levels in U.S.  declining
• (SO2, NO – from Coal burning / autos) Catalytic converters
• ACID Rain
– Weakens trees defense against severe weather/ pests etc.
– Most destructive to aquatic life. . . Corals etc. . .
• Marine Pollution
– BP Oil Spill – Major News
• Chronology Of A Catastrophe
• http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/88/8824cover4.html
– BP dispersants? Are they Necessary for Clean up
– http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/18/bp-must-stop-using-toxic_n_617334.html
• BP Oil Spill
– Oil dispersal as of June 4 2010
• Marine Pollution
– BP Oil Spill – Clean up
– Alternate methods exists as well
• Bioremediation (biodegradation)
• Alcanivorax borkumensis bacteria
• form biofilms - chew up oil’s alkanes.
• Long Term outcome ???
Not clear. . .
• To be determined
• Marine Pollution – We can Make a Difference
– A short story of Lead (Pb) –
– Effective Anti-knocking agent added to Gasoline (1930s)
• 1970s - Pb shown to be toxic – retards growth and develop.
– Causes lesions in CNS (blood brain barrier) (toxins easily enter brain)
• Legislation - US Govt. phase out leaded gas. . .(aka Unleaded)
Figure A9.1: Lead concentration in Perth's atmosphere over time
[Data source: Department of Environment [ver. 2005].]
• Marine Pollution (Global Scale) _ Hole in the Ozone
– Challenge Question?
• Where is the Ozone layer hole and Why is it located there?
– Located in S. Hemisphere above Antarctica
– Why - B/c of the weather there. . .
– Specific stratospheric clouds required (surface chemistry occurs)
» CFC w/ O3 (ozone) w/ Sun  Ozone Depletion
» ONLY during Winter –Cold enough to form these clouds. .
» Artic Winter ~avg. 10˚ warmer then Antarctic –
» little to no Ozone depletion
• Marine Pollution (Global Scale) _ Hole in the Ozone
– What steps have we taken to mitigate Ozone Depletion?
• Ban of Chlorinated Fluorocarbons (CFCs) early 1990s
• See reduction in Atmospheric levels 
• Next decades will tell whether Ozone Layer truly replete
– i.e. hole actually shrinking
Cl(2)-C-(F2)
FINAL Thoughts – The World Ocean and U
U R almost DONE ~ got your IN, your Q, Your Units . . .
– R u Happy ? Did u learn something?
• Marine Environment- Think Globally - Act Locally
• (set a GOOD example)
• others will follow
• We Can Make a Difference!!!
• Starts with U
– What can you do?
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Don’t by CFCs products
Use unleaded Gasoline
Reduce Carbon Footprint
RECYCLE
Anything else?
– GET INFORMED (Chance Favors the Prepared Mind!)
» Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Respect & Enjoy the Ocean 
Have A Good Summer!
Fig. 14.2
Fig. 14.3
Fig. 14.4
Fig. 14.5
Fig. 14.6
Fig. 14.7
Fig. 14.8
Fig. 14.9
Fig. 14.10
Fig. 14.11
Fig. 14.12
Fig. 14.13
Fig. 14.15
Fig. 14.16
Fig. 14.17
Fig. 14.18
Fig. 14.20
PHOTOS
Opener
So S
for confirmation purposes please send her a former landlord reference asap ok - this will help to stabilize things
T
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Figure 14a
Fig. 14.14
Fig. 14.19
Fig. 14.19.a
Fig. 14.19.b
Figure 14b
TABLES
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