INDIA-CALIFORNIA AIR MITIGATION PROGRAM (ICAMP) – PROJECT
MEETING, OAKLAND, USA, OCTOBER 21 – 23, 2013
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
INITIATIVES AND CHALLENGES
Dr. Prashant Gargava
Senior Environmental Engineer
Central Pollution Control Board
Delhi – 110 032
(Email: eepg.cpcb@nic.in)
(Web: http://www.cpcb.nic.in)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
o What have been done? – Actions
INITIATIVES
o What have been achieved? – Status
o Are we on the right track? – Identifying Gaps
CHALLENGES
o What more need to be done? – Way Forward
ACTIONS
REGULATORY PROVISIONS
o Institutional Mechanism: MoEF, CPCB, SPCB
o Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
o Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
o Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards – 2009
 Rationale – Health consideration primary focus, Not
based on land use, SPM omitted, 12 parameters
including some of HAPs
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
o Mandatory Environmental Clearance – Specified Projects;
Central/State clearance based on type and size of projects
o Use of cleaner fuel – Beneficiated coal, NG for Fertilizer
Plants
ACTIONS…..
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL
o Emission Norms
 Sector specific
based
on
techno-economic
considerations – over 75 industrial sectors
 States can make it more stringent, if required
o Promotion of Cleaner Technologies – DCDA process for
H2SO4 plants, Membrane Cell for caustic soda plants
o Environmental audit and statement
o Environmental Surveillance
o Identification of critically polluted areas based on
Comprehensive Index (CEPI), and Implementation of action
plans
o CREP, ISO certification – voluntary initiative
ACTIONS…..
VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL
o Improved fuel quality – Bharat Stage IV in major cities,
Bharat Stage – III in rest of the country
o Alternate cleaner fuel (CNG/LPG)
o Progressive emission norms for vehicles
o Improvement in public transport system (Metro)
o Phasing out of old commercial vehicles
o Better traffic management – Restriction on goods vehicles
during day time, Installation of time clocks at important
crossings, Construction of more flyovers and subways
and closing of T-Junctions, Regular information about
traffic flow through radio
ACTIONS…..
STRICTER NORMS FOR EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES
Norms
Year of
Implementation
1996
1996
1998 (Cat. Convertor Norms)
1998
Bharat Stage I (Euro I)
1999
Bharat Stage II (Euro II)
2001
Bharat Stage III (Euro III)
2005
BharatStage IV (Euro IV)
2010
ACTIONS…..
FUEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Norms
Year of Implementation
0.5% S – Diesel
1996
0.25% S – Diesel
2000
0.05% S – Diesel
2003
0.035% S – Diesel
2005
0.005% S – Diesel
2010
Unleaded Petrol
2000
ACTIONS…..
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
o National Air Quality Monitoring Network
o 560 operating stations covering 175 cities/towns – 700
stations sanctioned
o Parameters monitored – SO2, NO2, TSP, PM10 (at all the
locations); PM2.5, BTX, PAH, O3, CO, NH3 (Selected
locations)
o Characterization of PM10
o Continuous monitoring initiated in 16 cities – 50 stations
o Dissemination of data – Annual Reports, Trend Analysis,
Environmental Data Bank; Real-time data from Continuous
Air Quality Monitoring Stations of Delhi
ACTIONS…..
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
o Monitoring by Industries
 Manual AAQM stations – 1000 +
 Continuous AAQM stations – 1000 +
 Continuous emission monitoring systems – 1000 +
 Manual emission monitoring
o Dissemination of data – Submitted to SPCBs
AIR QUALITY STATUS
PERCENTAGE OF CITIES (RES. AREAS) WITH LOW,
MODERATE, HIGH AND CRITICAL LEVELS
SO2
AIR QUALITY STATUS…..
PERCENTAGE OF CITIES (RES. AREAS) WITH LOW,
MODERATE, HIGH AND CRITICAL LEVELS
NO2
AIR QUALITY STATUS…..
PERCENTAGE OF CITIES (RES. AREAS)
MODERATE, HIGH AND CRITICAL LEVELS
PM10
WITH
LOW,
AIR QUALITY STATUS…..
NATIONAL MEAN CONCENTRATION OF NO2
AIR QUALITY STATUS…..
URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT – EMERGING
ISSUES ??
o Many actions – Desired results not achieved
 WHO Estimates – 527,700 deaths in India every year
due to air pollution
 More than 75 towns are non-attainment areas with
respect to PM
o Are actions based on appropriate scientific studies?
 Limited detailed emission inventories in urban areas
 Limited exposure assessment – focus on numbers,
cost-effectiveness not considered
 Reliance on measurements – integrated approach not
followed earlier, limited use of models
 Strategies often short-term
EMERGING ISSUES…..
o PM10 – critical pollutants in most the urban areas
o Complex problem – multiplicity and complexity of sources
o Information on air quality and source contribution crucial
input for taking policy &
application of modeling tools
investment
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
decisions
–
Project
Cities
and
Population (in million)
Delhi:
19
Mumbai:
22
Chennai:
5
Bangalore:
7
Pune:
3.5
Kanpur:
3
ABOUT SIX CITY SOURCE APPORTIONMENT STUDY
o
Challenging Task: Comprehensive study, First study of this
nature and extent, Multiple agencies
o
Integrated Approach
 Air quality measurements
 07 locations covering different activity profiles
 Seasonal variations
 Parameters: PM10, SO2, NO2, C6H6, O3, PM2.5, etc.
 100,000 samples analyzed
 Chemical speciation of PM10 and PM2.5 (limited)
 3000 samples analyzed for 36 elements, 11 ions, OC, EC
and mol. markers representing typical urban sources
SIX CITY STUDY…..
 Emission factors for vehicles
 Mass emission tests on in-use vehicles covering different
technologies, types of vehicles, vintage, etc.
 450 nos. of emission tests; 89 of vehicles; additional data
of 96 vehicles under source profiling study.
 Expert Group critically examined the data and finalized EF.
 Emission factors for non-vehicular sources
 Identification of sources through primary surveys
 Review of information on reported emission factors and
data on emissions.
 Uniform EF finalized by an Expert Group.
SIX CITY STUDY…..
 Emission inventory
 Detailed primary surveys within zone of influence (2x2-km
grids)
o Identification of significant sources
o Collection of primary data on activity levels
o city-level projections based on land use and EI for
monitoring grids
 Traffic count surveys:
o Different categories of roads
o Parking lot/petrol pump surveys for obtaining data on
vintage, fuel use, VKT per day
o Video recording
 Future
projections considering developmental plans,
changes in the land-use and activities and/or activity levels
 BAU – 2007, 2012 and 2017
SIX CITY STUDY…..
 Source emission profiles
 54 stationary and 13 vehicle sources
 Sources identified based on primary surveys in the cities
 Categorized based on their nature (combustion or noncombustion) and occurrence (city specific or common to
all cities) – CC, CCS, NCC, NCS
 Sampling was done depending on source type – all the
cities/one city/lab simulation
 Sampling
methodologies – Dilution sampling for
combustion sources, re-suspension sampling for dust
sources, and source dominated sampling for area sources.
 Total 192 mass emission tests on 96 vehicles (2 tests on
each vehicle)
 Detailed chemical analysis similar to ambient air samples
SIX CITY STUDY…..

Source Apportionment

PM10 and PM2.5 (limited)

Concentration of signature elements

Chemical speciation data and profiles were used

CMB model was run for each location for each day of
sampling (at the location) for three seasons

Source contribution estimates for individual daily samples
for a site in a season were averaged to calculate source
contribution to that site for that season

Evaluation of control strategies – dispersion modeling
SIX CITY STUDY…..

Formulation of action plan
 Identification of prominent sources based on CMB-8,
grouping of signature elements, EI
 Each potential control option evaluated for assessing
efficacy, feasibility and broad economic analysis
 BAU and Controlled scenarios generated for 2012 and
2017
 Combination of options (3 – 4 scenarios) were evaluated
using dispersion model
 Most appropriate scenario – formulation of Action Plan
SIX CITY STUDY…..
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS (µg/m3) AND PERCENT EXCEEDANCE
SPM
P**
W*
S***
PM10
P
W
Mean %E
Mean %E
Mean %E
Background Bangalore
110
0
82
0
83
0
Chennai
117
17
76
0
178
22
Delhi
549
100
546
100
517
100
Kanpur
361
100
329
93
342
97
Mumbai
246
63
204
57
159
17
Pune
257
95
204
65
139
5
S
PM2.5
P
W
Mean %E
Mean %E
Mean %E
47
0
105
32
66
10
55
0
88
50
71
31
355
100
300
100
232
100
204
97
169
97
187
90
184
97
139
86
91
39
123
60
63
5
76
10
S
Mean %E
Mean %E
Mean %E
27
0
23
0
27
0
35
14
39
0
34
14
----131
100
172
100
132
100
136
100
92
67
60
33
29
0
45
0
32
0
22
0
Residential
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
294
164
828
429
523
499
100
19
100
100
100
100
301
173
967
373
445
362
100
14
100
97
100
95
177
175
284
422
277
206
25
24
90
100
54
50
133
82
505
226
267
165
88
25
100
100
100
95
93
200
671
195
236
128
35
46
100
100
100
72
69
86
81
217
119
103
14
23
40
100
48
58
36
78
301
208
97
58
0
86
100
100
100
0
41
34
-161
87
35
33
0
-100
100
0
29
34
30
190
54
28
0
0
0
100
33
0
Industrial
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
262
311
965
0
8
100
245
348
1239
0
11
100
171
319
611
0
5
70
171
138
546
81
31
100
171
147
781
50
44
100
69
141
229
5
38
8
30
67
197
0
57
100
21
41
314
0
0
100
22
79
52
0
30
100
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
603
395
400
62
3
25
577
388
164
58
0
0
591
238
270
61
3
0
396
271
216
76
100
85
371
218
71
74
96
10
388
99
121
74
7
22
305
127
63
100
100
33
273
87
26
100
100
0
232
17
37
100
0
0
306
350
1082
564
383
655
100
78
100
100
100
100
287
243
2592
532
383
583
93
411
59
211
100 #####
100
561
100
314
100
507
100
36
100
100
8
100
199
111
451
292
256
254
100
48
100
100
100
100
184
128
941
260
234
193
85
77
100
100
100
95
109
271
337
273
124
138
43
67
100
100
65
95
64
73
306
216
119
124
50
57
100
100
100
100
43
56
361
226
126
62
33
29
100
100
100
67
38
51
107
218
41
46
0
14
100
100
18
0
Kerbside
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
% Exceedance
0-25
25-50
50-75
75-100
* W: Winter
** P: Post Monsoon, Summer in case of Bangalore
*** S: Summer, Pre Monsoon in case of Bangalore
SIX CITY STUDY…..
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS (µg/m3) AND PERCENT EXCEEDANCE
NOx
P
W
Mean
%E
S
Mean
%E
SO2
P
W
Mean
%E
Mean
%E
S
Mean
%E
Mean
%E
Background
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
18
27
31
23
53
36
0
0
0
0
10
0
45
8
33
20
38
34
18
0
0
0
0
0
91
14
25
20
18
10
56
0
0
0
3
0
6
3
8
8
15
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
1
15
8
13
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
5
8
4
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
Residential
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
46
32
73
49
72
41
0
0
35
0
25
6
29
17
88
32
60
43
0
0
65
3
7
0
90
28
29
19
25
14
46
0
0
0
0
0
9
4
14
14
12
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
3
18
8
13
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
3
78
4
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
Industrial
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
53
45
159
35
72
55
6
0
85
0
0
0
30
20
142
24
53
17
0
0
80
0
0
0
89
42
60
23
20
22
44
0
0
0
0
0
9
6
85
26
18
40
0
0
20
0
0
0
10
4
77
19
15
16
0
0
20
0
0
0
10
6
11
15
7
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kerbside
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
94
45
109
46
82
71
62
0
85
0
43
50
105
33
121
42
64
43
65
0
95
7
20
0
66
43
47
37
33
59
26
0
0
0
2
20
10
6
20
15
14
36
0
0
0
0
0
7
19
1
20
9
15
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
4
12
8
6
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
% Exceedance
0-25
25-50
50-75
75-100
* W: Winter
** P: Post Monsoon, Summer in case of Bangalore
*** S: Summer, Pre Monsoon in case of Bangalore
SIX CITY STUDY…..
40
0.7
35
0.6
PM10_OC
PM2.5_OC
Avg.Con.(ug/m3)
30
0.5
EC/OC Ratio
25
0.4
20
PM10_EC
0.3
15
PM2.5_EC
0.2
10
5
0.1
0
0.0
EC/OC_10
Background Residential
Kerb Site
Industry
Other
EC/OC_2.5
o EC and OC: 20 – 45% of PM10, indicating effect of combustion/fuel
related emissions.
o High EC/OC represents freshly contributed diesel/combustion particles
o EC/OC: less in PM10 than PM2.5 indicating EC dominance in finer
fractions
o Higher EC/OC at Kerbside indicate contribution of vehicular sources.
SIX CITY STUDY…..
EMISSION INVENTORY
PM10
Others
100%
DG Sets
Industries
80%
Construcion
60%
Vehicle Exhaust
40%
Paved & Unpaved Road
Dust
Domestic Combustion
20%
0%
Bangalore
(54.30)
Chennai
(11.02)
Delhi
(147.2)
Kanpur
(9.4)
Mumbai
(73.5)
Pune
(32.3)
NOx
PM10:
o Major Source – Road dust
re-suspension
o Significant contribution of
industries
in
Kanpur,
Mumbai and Delhi
NOx:
o Vehicles are major source
o Contribution of industries
(power plants) high in Delhi,
Mumbai and Kanpur
100%
Others
80%
DG Sets
60%
Industries
Vehicle Exhaust
40%
Domestic
Combustion
20%
0%
Bangalore
(217.44)
Chennai
(12.16)
Delhi
(460.0)
Kanpur
(22.50)
Mumbai
(215.59)
Pune
(41.41)
Important observation: A few
prominent sources in a city
can mask the contribution of
the other sources.
SIX CITY STUDY…..
PM10 SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS: ALL LOCATIONS
City
Bangalore
Chennai
Delhi
Kanpur
Mumbai
Pune
Roadside Dust
45 – 55
6 – 27
14 – 29
7–9
29 – 47
49 – 64
Vehicles
10 – 22
35 – 48
9 – 20
15 – 17
8 – 26
2 – 10
Industries
27
-
6–9
2 – 19
1–7
-
Construction
-
-
23
-
28 – 46
6 – 28
Secondary
Particulates
2 – 11
-
-
16 – 19
10 – 21
-
Domestic
-
4 – 20
3–9
15 – 26
3 – 18
-
DG Sets
7 – 18
14 – 16
7 – 12
5–8
-
3–4
Sources
Roadside dust and vehicles are prominent sources in
all the six cities
OUTCOME
SIX CITY STUDY…..
o City-specific Action Plans
o Sector Specific Strategies at National Level
o Standard methodology for UAQM
o Provided most needed scientific basis, evidence and
insight to urban air quality issues.
o Useful database on various air quality parameters.
o Technical competence, experience and capacity building
in terms of infrastructure as well as trained manpower.
o Refined EF for vehicular exhaust emissions
o More reliable EI
o Source emission profiles
o Cohesive Group of Expert Institutions
WAY FORWARD
APPROACH
o Need to follow
Apportionment
an
integrated
approach:
Source
o Include Exposure Assessment in the process
o Strategies to be evolved on the basis of requirements
o Coordination among concerned agencies – let action taken
by one agency not reversed by other
o Need to think beyond numbers – focus on reduction of
toxic constituents, emission reduction strategies
WAY FORWARD…..
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
o Strengthening of monitoring network
o Stations operated by industries – optimization, part of
national network, reliability to be ensured, put to
meaningful use
o Proper citing of monitoring locations – use of models
o Large no. of monitoring techniques – optimum blend,
advance measurement technologies need to be robust,
reliable, affordable
o Meeting AAQ is collective responsibility, as there are
multiple sources
WAY FORWARD…..
ENFORCEMENT
o Regulatory reforms – involvement of local bodies, EIA – inbuilt preventive measures, cleaner production options
o Build reliable computer-based EI and work for reductions
o Periodical review of actions – learn from experience and
take corrective steps
o Performance evaluation of model, Sensitivity analysis – for
EIA
o Remote monitoring of industries
o Empower people with information
Thank You