A Simple Technology for the Remediation
of Waste Water Discharge from Tapioca Factories
ER Indrayatie1), E Handayanto2), WH Utomo2)
University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
• Thanks to:
CIAT Asia office
Nippon Foundation
Organizing committee
Rector University of Brawijaya
Indonesia is known as one of the biggest cassava producers in World with
the major use for humman consumption (In 2009 there was harvested
area of 1,17 millions ha with production of about 21.9 millions ton).
However, there was a changes in cassava utilization..
Food utilization
2007: 64 %
2009: 53 %
to
Industrial utilization
2007: 36 %
2009: 47%
GOOD, BUT create
Another problems
• Those changes are good, BUT create another problems. ....?
• Most cassava industry small to medium size, along Brantar river for
example, there are about 343 tapioca factories
Wastewater treatment:
1. No wastewater treatment, discharge
2. The waste directly to river, or
3. Simple wastewater treatment: open pond
Environmental problems
Table 1. Characteristics tapioca factory wastewater in East
Java
------------------------------------------------------------------------------pH
BOD
COD
Cyanide
TSS
------------ mg L-1--------------------------------• Fww 3.6
7,760
10,240
6.24
3,600
• Ftw
4.6
3,600
3,840
4.20
1,200
• IndStd 6 -9
200
400
0.5
150
• East Java Reg. 150
300
0.2
100
Fww: Factory fresh waste water
Ftw: Factory treated wastewater
Ind. Std based on Ministry of Env. Decree No. 51/1995
East Java (Brantas River):
JAWA POS: 28/04/2008: Ribuan ikan mati, nelayan rugi jutaan rupiah: Masalah pencemaran
bendungan Sutami ternyata sudah berulang kali terjadi sejak tahun 1996. Namun tidak ada
upaya kongkret pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini.
1996: Laporan Perum Jasa Tirta terjadi pencemaran waduk Sutami, ikan mati karena kekuranga
Mei 2002 Waduk Ir Sutami tercemar limbah industri, ribuan ikan mati,
Juni 2004: ribuan ikan mati terapung.
Oktober 2007, di samping ribuan ikan sekarat, mati terapung, juga menyebabkan listrik padam.
April 2008 kerugian karena ikan mati di bendungan Ir Sutami ditaksir mencapai Rp. 280 juta
Central Java
Kedaulatan Rakyat :24/07/2008 08:39:40 BANJARNEGARA KASUS PENCEMARAN SUNGAI SAPI; Pabrik Tapioka Diminta Sempurnakan IPAL
Penanggung-jawab pabrik tapioka CV Bunga Mawar di Desa Kebondalem, Bawang
Banjarnegara, Daryanto, merasa dipojokkan dalam kasus pencemaran air Sungai Sapi.
Menurutnya, pabrik tapioka ini bukan satu-satunya. Karena di kawasan tersebut ada pabrik
lain di Wanadri. Sedang Bupati Djasri 15 Juli lalu sudah melayangkan peringatan, agar
perusahaan menyempurnakan IPAL sesuai peraturan baku mutu limbah cair.
Common tapioca wastewater treatments
Open pond:
Requires time (long time),
large area, un-effective
UASB:
complicated, expensive
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation with Vetiver grass
(Vetivera zyzanoides)
• Why phytoremediation?
simple, cheaf, low risk
• Why vetiver grass?
Easy to grow,
can grow on any kind of
medium (even in very
unfavorable medium),
grow very fast
. Indrayatie et al. (2012)
found that vetiver very
tolerant to grow in tapioca
factory wastewater
Metodhology
1. The first study aimed to explore the
potential of vetiver for phytoremediation
of tapioca factory wastewater
2. The second study was done to test the
resulting wastewater remediation for fish
culture and maize growing.
Objective: to obtain the
suitable growth medium
and the time (plant
ages) when the
remediation can result
the maximum output
Two factors were
studied, i.e. two growth
media were used, i.e.
(1) wetland systems,
and (2) hydroponics
(solution); and the time
of starting when
remediation was started
are: 15, 30, 45, 60, and
75 days after planting.
As the control, Vetiver
was grown in wetland
and hydroponic
systems. The pot used
had an area of 1,256
cm2.
The potential of vetiver for tapioca
wasterwater remediation
• Table 3. The effect of the remediation system and plant age (biomass) at
time of planting on the purification (η) of tapioca factory waste water after
60 days of remediation
___________________________________________________________
Vetiver at the
η (%)
start of remediation
Ages biomass
BOD
COD
CN
(days) (g/pot)
W
H
W
H
W
H
Control/no plant
7
5.1
15
9.4
30
11.5
45
22.6
75
37.4
86.87ab
95.13b
97.49cd
99.11cd
99.00d
99.82d
81.77a
87.82ab
88.94ab
90.41bc
92.50bcd
92.18bcd
87.76a
94.81b
97.39b
99.11b
99.21b
99.37b
82.60a
88.28a
89.84a
90.88a
92.23b
91.67ab
65.23bc
76.42bcd
85.00cd
85.23cd
93.33d
93.80d
38.09 a
50.47ab
61.66ab
65.47bc
64.04bc
66.67bc
Purification (η) = (Ci – Cf )/ Ci X 100 %
where Ci is the initial concentration of pollutant and Cf is the final concentration.
Until 60 days of remediation open pond (with no vetiver) was able to purify
up to 87% (BOD); 88% (COD); 65% (CN). Planting vetiver increased the
purification. With initial biomass of 37.4 g/pot (1,256 cm2), purification increased
To 99.8% (BOD); 99.4% (COD); 93.8% (CN)
• Table 2. waste water quality after 60 days of remediation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vetiver at the
start of remediation
Ages biomass
BOD
(days) (g/pot)
W
Control/no plant
7
5.1
15
9.4
30
11.5
45
22.6
75
37.4
445g
165c
85b
30ª
36ª
6a
Solution concentration
(mg/L)
COD
DO
H
W
H
W
H
618h
413f
375f
325e
270d
265d
0.96a
1.06ª
0.98ª
1.24ª
2.36b
2.46b
470e
199b
100b
34ª
30ª
24a
688f 1.10a
450e 2.42b
390c 3.04b
350c 3.48c
298c 5.98cd
320c 6.40d
CN
W
1.46cd
0.99bc
0.63ab
0.62ab
0.28ab
0.26 a
H
2.60e
2.08de
1.61cd
1.45cd
1.51cd
1.40cd
1. Wetland system was better compared to hydrophonic
2. After 60 days of remediations using vetiver, wastewater
of tapioca factory in East Java has fullfilled the standard
quatily of East Java Governor decree
Time of remediation is an important factor. A
shorter is the time for remediation is better
• Addition experiment with objective of determining the
remediation period required to attain the quality standard
for cyanide concentration was carried out
• Remediation was performed using initial vetiver biomass
values of 0 (control); 5.1 g/pot; 9.4 g/pot; 17.7 g/pot; 35.1
g/pot; and 51.4 g/pot) for up to 60 days
• Medium of growth: wetland system.
• The waste water for this experiment had an initial BOD
concentration of 3,600 mg/L; COD concentration of
3,840 mg/L and cyanide concentration of 4.2 mg/L.
Table 4. The cyanide concentration in tapioca factory waste water as a
function of varying initial vetiver biomass and the length of the remediation
period (up to 60 days) for a model wetland system.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Remediation
period (days)
Cyanide concentration in waste water (mg/L)
Vetiver biomass at the start of theremediation (g/pot)
0
5.1
0
4.22
4.22
7
3.64
3.54
15
3.06
2.96
30
2.22
1.95
45
1.94
1.21
60
1.46
1.15
Values are the mean of two replicates
9.4
4.22
3.21
2.34
1.62
0.97
0.83
17.7
4.22
3.23
1.76
1.25
0.84
0.36
35.1
4.22
2.98
1.45
0.86
0.33
0.24
51.4
4.22
2.04
0.76
0.36
0.26
0.26
within a 30 day remediation period, the prescribed
cyanide quality standard could be obtained using
initial vetiver biomass values 51.4 g/pot
Utilization of remediated tapioca factory
waste water
1. Maize growing:
Maize was grown on 10 kg soil in a plastic pot of
15 L capacity.
The treatments were: (1) fresh tapioca factory
wastewater (FW), (2) factory treated
wastewater: watered with factory treated
wastewater (TTW), (3) factory remediated
wastewater: watered with remediated
wastewater (TRW), and (4) remediated waste
water, watered with remediated wastewater
(RW), and (5) de-ionized water as the control
(C). 3 replications
Utilization of remediated tapioca factory
waste water
Maize growing:
Maize was grown on 10 kg soil in a
plastic pot of 15 L capacity.
The treatments were: (1) fresh tapioca
factory wastewater (FW), (2) factory
treated wastewater: watered with
factory treated wastewater (TTW),
(3) factory remediated wastewater:
watered with remediated wastewater
(TRW), and (4) remediated waste
water, watered with remediated
wastewater (RW), and (5) de-ionized
water as the control (C). 3
• Table 5.The effect of remediated tapioca wastewater on the total
maize biomass and cyanide content at 45 days old
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treatment
total biomass plant-CN
Soil-CN
g/plant
mg/kg
mg/kg
Fresh wastewater, FW
0
0
3.40 c
Factory treated wastewater,TW
24.67 c
1.80 b
2.25 b
TW, then watered with RW
20.76 ab
0.80 a
0.22 a
Vetiver remediate wastewater,RW 17.24 a
0.76 a
0.12 a
De-ionized water, C
19.45 ab
0.60 a
0.04 a
maize could not germinate on the medium watered
with fresh tapioca. Maize grown on the other treatment
grew quite well. The highest total biomass of maize
(24.67g)/plant) was obtained by the maize planted in
factory treated wastewater, and this is significantly
different from the other treatments. However, CN
content of this maize was very high
Fish culture:
Fish was cultured in a glass aquarium of 5 L.
The treatments were (1) Factory fresh
wastewater (FW), (2) Factory treated
wastewater (TW), (3) Vetiver remediated
wastewater (RW), (4) Vetiver remediated
wastewater + spring water (1:1) (RWS), and
(5) spring water (SW). Ten freshwater fish of
Barbonymus gonionofus species with 5 – 7
cm length were put into these aquariums,
and grown for 30 days. Duplicates
Table 6.The utilization of Vetiver remediate tapioca industrial wastewater
for freshwater fish culture
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treatment
No of dead fish at
fish w
at 30
0 days 2 days 7 days 15 days 30 day
g/
Fresh wastewater, FW
10
Factory treated wastewater, TW
5
2
3
Vetiver remediated wastewater, RW
0
0
0
0
2
RW + Spring water ( 1:1), RWS
0
0
0
1
2
Spring water, C
0
0
0
0
3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No fish could life in fresh wastewater
and factory treated waste water.
Vetiver remediated wastewater safe
for fish culture, its quality (for fish culture)
was comparable with spring water.