ULAANBAATAR CITY’S AIR POLLUTION –
SOURCE APORTIONMENT MANAGEMENT
S.Lodoysamba,
National University of Mongolia
0
Contents
• Air pollution of Ulaanbaatar City,
• What is main sources of pollution,
• Management of mitigation of UB air pollution
1
Management of air pollution mitigation
•Starts from measurements,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Air pollution concentration,
Identification and apportionment of pollution sources,
Modeling,
Health impact study,
Air pollution mitigation scenarios,
Health benefit calculation
Planning a target,
Activity
Monitoring
•Ends with measurement.
2
Main Air Quality Indicators
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
- PM (Particulate Matter) PM10
- PM 2.5
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Ozone (03)
Particulate Matter Distribution
Health Effect of PM
Methodology
•
Position of sampler:
UB City-
Nuclear Research Center
Zuun Ail
3 Horoolol
•
Duration:
2004.10 – 2009. 6
•
Flow rate of sampler: 16 l/мin (18-14)
•
Height of sampling: 1.6м, 6m, 4m
•
Sampling frequency: Twice a week
•
•
•
•
•
Sampler: GENT Sampler with Polycarbonate filters
Type of analysis: PIXE
ВС measurement: Reflectometer
Number of samples: 400 (2004-2006)
Data interpretation was made using software EPA PMF1.1(USA)
PIXE analysis were done in the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear
Sciences, 30 elements are analysed
Used samplers
Sampling
site number
1
2, 3
4, 7, 8
5
6
Characteristics
Kosa Monitor (Japanese make),
Measures PM10 and PM2.5.
Beta absorption.. Continuous
monitoring. Gives hourly values.
GENT Sampler, Schulberger
Model 250, Measures PM10-2.5
and PM2.5. Polycarbonate
(nuclepore) filters.
Dust Trak-8520, measures PM2.5
or PM10. Laser light scattering.
Continuous monitoring; Gives
hourly values.
Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC28SD5 (Japanese make).
Measures PM10,
15 l/min, filter.
Site position
106o54,704
47o55,220
106o58,311
47o54,811
Height of
PM size sampling head
from the
fraction
ground (m)
PM10 and
PM2.5
Remarks
20
PM10-2.5
and PM2.5
1.6;6
PM2.5
3;2;3
Elemental
analysis, Black
carbon
determination
106o54,159
47o54,719
106o52,967
PM10
3
PM10
4
47o53,64
Partisol FRM-Model 2000,
106o52,167
Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter
47o55,582
(nuclepore).
Replaced by
EcoTech monitor
(beta absorption)
from Nov.2008
Elemental
analysis, Black
carbon
determination
Projects
• RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,
RAS/7/013, 2004-2007
• CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA
REGION
RAS/7/015, 2007-2010
• АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХ
Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2006-2008
• АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖ БУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР
ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА
Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2009-2011
• ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR
POLLUTION IN ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA.
World Bank Contract 7146873, 2008-2009
•
TA - 7462 (MON) : ULAANBAATAR CLEAN AIR
2010-2011
• EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION MITIGATION IN ULAANBAATAR CITY AND ITS HEALTH IMPACT
2012-2013
• MEASURING AND SHARING PM2.5 THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA
2013-2014
Sampling Sites
PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations
PM2.5
PM10
Months
Jun-08
Jul-08
Aug-08
Sep-08
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Annual
average
NAMHEM NRC Zuun ail CLEM 3 khoroolol
NAMHEM NRC Zuun ail 6 buudal Bayan Airport Avera
Average Months
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
hoshuu (7) (8)
ge
28.9
7.2
8.0
37.7
128.5
277.5
173.7
115.4
62.5
34.0
32.5
160.2 154.3 120.0
126.7 112.5 17.6
238.0 179.1 27.9
221.4 131.4 38.8
223.1 127.6 79.6
365.8 673.2 112.9
180.2 926.8 61.4
200.1 1850.0 65.8
302.1 1007.3 86.0
205.2 488.6 63.7
316.0 300.2 59.8
501.2 739.3 33.6
187.3
56.4
85.4
70.4
161.2
800.8
693.5
932.3
463.7
358.2
272.8
183.1
130.2
64.1
132.6
94.0
125.8
416.2
427.9
644.4
394.9
235.6
196.5
297.9
82.3
253.3
355.4
262.5
557.5
63.91
Jun-08
Jul-08
Aug-08
Sep-08
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Annual
average
16.9
1.2
5.7
8.0
38.1
81.4
224.5
138.3
99.6
45.3
25.2
24.3
29.0
21.7
64.9
18.8
46.3
121.6
106.9
121.3
141.4
80.1
128.8
279.3
25.5
84.6
13.3
48.7
37.9
37.3
38.7
281.3
330.6 527.3
575.5 1205.1
1291.1 858.5
358.1 342.4
345.5 179.3
119.6
93.9
370.8
41.9
47.0
498.3
567.5
1421.2
1536.1
971.3
321.0
137.3
58.9
37.6
184.7
406.3
892.9
514.5
413.3
207.3
91.8
52.9
59.1
96.7
296.3
617.6
297.1 288.6
365.2
169.3
65.1
12.1
39.7
31.1
181.2
339.1
737.7
743.3
387.7
196.4
99.4
138.0
PM 10 Concentration
Annual average concentration PM10
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
NAMHEM(1)
NRC (2)
Zuun ail (3)
CLEM (5)
3 khoroolol (6)
400
2500
2000
1000
0
Timeseries PM10 (NANHEM)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1600
0
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6/4/08
6/14/08
6/24/08
7/4/08
7/14/08
7/24/08
8/3/08
8/13/08
8/23/08
9/2/08
9/12/08
9/22/08
10/2/08
10/12/08
10/22/08
11/1/08
11/11/08
11/21/08
12/1/08
12/11/08
12/21/08
12/31/08
1/10/09
1/20/09
1/30/09
2/9/09
2/19/09
3/1/09
3/11/09
3/21/09
3/31/09
4/10/09
4/20/09
4/30/09
5/10/09
5/20/09
5/30/09
Timeseries PM10(Zuun ail)
6/4/08
6/14/08
6/24/08
7/4/08
7/14/08
7/24/08
8/3/08
8/13/08
8/23/08
9/2/08
9/12/08
9/22/08
10/2/08
10/12/08
10/22/08
11/1/08
11/11/08
11/21/08
12/1/08
12/11/08
12/21/08
12/31/08
1/10/09
1/20/09
1/30/09
2/9/09
2/19/09
3/1/09
3/11/09
3/21/09
3/31/09
4/10/09
4/20/09
4/30/09
5/10/09
5/20/09
5/30/09
6/4/08
6/14/08
6/24/08
7/4/08
7/14/08
7/24/08
8/3/08
8/13/08
8/23/08
9/2/08
9/12/08
9/22/08
10/2/08
10/12/08
10/22/08
11/1/08
11/11/08
11/21/08
12/1/08
12/11/08
12/21/08
12/31/08
1/10/09
1/20/09
1/30/09
2/9/09
2/19/09
3/1/09
3/11/09
3/21/09
3/31/09
4/10/09
4/20/09
4/30/09
5/10/09
5/20/09
5/30/09
3500
6/4/08
6/14/08
6/24/08
7/4/08
7/14/08
7/24/08
8/3/08
8/13/08
8/23/08
9/2/08
9/12/08
9/22/08
10/2/08
10/12/08
10/22/08
11/1/08
11/11/08
11/21/08
12/1/08
12/11/08
12/21/08
12/31/08
1/10/09
1/20/09
1/30/09
2/9/09
2/19/09
3/1/09
3/11/09
3/21/09
3/31/09
4/10/09
4/20/09
4/30/09
5/10/09
5/20/09
5/30/09
PM 10 Concentration Time Series
Timeseries PM10 (III khoroolol)
3000
1200
1500
800
400
500
Timeseries PM10 (NRC)
PM 2.5 Concentration
Annual average concentration PM2.5
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
NAMHEM (1)
NRC (2)
100 ail (3)
6 buudal (4)
Bayan hoshuu(7)
Airport(8)
PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series
Timeseries PM2.5(NAMHEM)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Timeseries PM2.5(Zuun ail)
Timeseries PM2.5(Bayan hoshuu)
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Timeseries PM2.5(6 Buudal)
1400
1800
1600
1200
1400
1000
1200
1000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
0
200
0
1360
1340
1330
Monthly Average Concentrations
PM10
PM2.5
mg/m3
mg/m3
1600.0
2000
NRC (2)
1800
NRC (2)
1600
Zuun ail (3)
1400
1200
1000
800
1400.0
1200.0
100 ail (3)
6 buudal (4)
Bayan hoshuu(7)
3 khoroolol (6)
1000.0
Average
800.0
600.0
600
400.0
400
200
200.0
0
0.0
Airport(8)
Average
Monthly Average Concentrations
Average Concentration
Measured
Site No
Site name
Average Concentration
Calculated
PM2.5 PM10
2
NRC
96.7
253.3
3
Zuun ail
296.3
557.5
4
6 Buudal
365.2
-
6
3 khoroolol
-
355.4
7
Bayanhoshuu 617.6
-
8
Airport
297.1
-
Average all
stations
334.6
388.7
Area
Central
part UB
РМ10
(mg/m3)
300
Ger area
350-900
UB
РМ2.5
(mg/m3)
Exceedence
150
6
300620
7-18
Monthly Average Concentrations
350-900
Polluted Ulaanbaatar
18
19
Who is
polluting the
Ulaanbaatar
air?
20
Chemical Analysis Set-up
Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of
Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences
PMF mass vs Gravimetric mass
Elemental Concentrations (ng/m3)
Arithmetic
Samples >
StdDev Median Maximum Minimum
S/N
Mean
LODa
PM 2.5
51800
91400
28200 1210000
5700
BC
7290
10454
4242
94206
680
235
2.75
Na
290
425
112
2642
0
88
0.13
Mg
326
276
235
2083
31
200
0.62
Al
1150
1224
745
7627
0
227
0.81
Si
2305
1740
1871
10554
129
236
17.2
S
1969
3978
900
40079
125
236
17.55
Cl
139
133
88
849
12
236
2.14
K
324
239
243
1558
35
235
7
Ca
789
559
652
3194
50
236
11.92
Ti
37
33
28
156
0
191
0.27
Mn
15
14
11
65
0
178
0.18
Fe
523
388
416
2150
26
236
0.62
Cu
10
29
3
373
0
105
0.21
Zn
44
54
30
400
0
213
0.55
Pb
31
73
7
525
0
50
0.08
Elements
PM 2.5 PROFILES
Mass Contribution PM2.5 (Example NRC)
Source
PM2.5 mass
μg/ m3
Soil
5.0 (0.3)a
Coal combustion 1
12.2(1.6)
Coal combustion 2
11.5(0.9)
Motor vehicles
1.9(0.2)
Biomass burning
1.1 (0.1)
Road dust
2.9 (0.2)
Zinc
0.6(0.1)
Pollution Source Apportionment
Source contribution PM10-2.5 NRC
Source contribution PM10-2.5 No3
11%
1%
3% 5%
10%
Soil 1
45%
Soil 2
Coal combustion
Combustion
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Road dust
Soil
Biomass burning
34%
91%
Sourse contribution PM2.5
NRC
8%
3%
2%
14%
ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a
3%
5%
3% 2%
Soil
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Coal combustion 1
Combustion 1
5%
Coal combustion 2
33%
35%
Soil
Motor vehicles
Biomass burning
Biomass burning
Combustion2
Road dust
Zinc
87%
Pollution Source Apportionment PM10
Sourse contribution PM10 No 3
Source contribution PM10 No 2(2004-2008)
2%
0%
1%
Soil
12%
4%
Motor vehicles+Road
dust
Combustion
Soil
Motor vehicles+ Road
dust
22%
64%
47%
48%
Combustion
Biomass burning
Biomass burning
Zinc
PM10 in 3 khoroolol
12%
45%
16%
Soil
Biomass burning
Motor vehicles+Road dust
Combustion1
27%
Daily time Series of PM concentrations
(Example TV site, GTZ station)
Working days
Weekend
Toxic Elements
Average concentration of Pb, As, Hg
Concentration ng/m3
60
50
40
Pb
As
Hg
30
20
10
0
3 khoroolol
NRC
Zuun Ail
29
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
25/May/09
11/May/09
27/Apr/09
13/Apr/09
0
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
31-Mar-09
30-May-09
Hg
NRC
30-May-09
450
30-Apr-09
500
30-Apr-09
31-Mar-09
250
01-Mar-09
30-Jan-09
31-Dec-08
01-Dec-08
01-Nov-08
02-Oct-08
300
01-Mar-09
30-Jan-09
31-Dec-08
01-Dec-08
01-Nov-08
02-Oct-08
0
02-Sep-08
50
02-Sep-08
100
03-Aug-08
150
03-Aug-08
200
04-Jul-08
250
04-Jun-08
Pb
3 khoroolol
Concentration ng/m3
350
04-Jul-08
Hg
3 khoroolol
Concentration ng/m3
25/May/09
11/May/09
27/Apr/09
13/Apr/09
30/Mar/09
16/Mar/09
02/Mar/09
16/Feb/09
02/Feb/09
19/Jan/09
05/Jan/09
22/Dec/08
08/Dec/08
300
30/Mar/09
16/Mar/09
02/Mar/09
16/Feb/09
02/Feb/09
19/Jan/09
05/Jan/09
22/Dec/08
08/Dec/08
24/Nov/08
0
24/Nov/08
Concentration ng/m3
400
04-Jun-08
Concentration ng/m3
Time Series of Toxic Elements
400
350
Pb
NRC
200
150
100
50
Air Quality Index
Ger Area UB
Center UB
Concentrations
Ozone 14.3 mg/m3
PM2.5 150.0 mg/m3
PM10 300.0 mg/m3
CO
2214 mg/m3
SO2
18.1 mg/m3
NOx
30.0 mg/m3
AQI
Ozone
PM2.5
PM10
CO
SO2
NOx
6
200
173
21
10
0
Concentrations
Ozone 14.3 mg/m3
PM2.5 500.0 mg/m3
PM10 625.0 mg/m3
CO
2214 mg/m3
SO2
18.1 mg/m3
NOx
30.0 mg/m3
AQI
Ozone
PM2.5
PM10
CO
SO2
NOx
6
500
582
21
10
0
AQI
582
AQI
200
Conditional pollutant
Average of WORST two
187
Average of WORST two
541
Average of ALL
82
Average of ALL
224
Conditional pollutant
PM2.5
Descriptor
AQI
Risk Message
Good
0 - 50
No message
Moderate
51 - 100
Unusually sensitive
individuals (ozone)
Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups
101 - 150
Identifiable groups at risk –
different groups for
different pollutants
Unhealthy
151 - 200
General public at risk;
groups at greater risk
Very Unhealthy
201 - 300
General public at greater
risk; groups at greatest risk
PM10
Conclusion 1
 Main pollution sources are:
•
PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Motor vehichle, Biomass burning,
•
PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning,
Soil
 Ulaanbaatar is most polluted capital city of the world;
 @ 50% of PM concentrations corresponds to ignition phase
(cold start) and reloading of stoves;
 There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As
in the air;
 Pb in the air is below the standard;
 AQI is 82 (Moderate) in the Central area and more than
200(Very unhealthy) in the Ger areas;
What to do?
33
STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY
TESTING LABORATORY
34
Testing stoves
35
Data acquisition system
36
SEET Lab. Diagram
To atmosphere
Gas sampling
Chimney
Dust Trak
13
100
Stove
13
829
13
815
13
818
13
812
13
684
Gas analyzer
Thermocouple
Warn i ng Hotsu rfaces
Agile n t 3 00 0 Micro GC
Computer
analysis
Ethernet Hub
Temperature
measurement
Electronic scale
Mass
recorder
37
Operator room
Gases
39
Temperature Measurements
40
Particle Measurement
41
MONGOL STOVE
BLUD Mode of Mongol Stove
MODIFIED MONGOL STOVE
GTZ-7.5 STOVE
Conclusion 2
• PM Emission can be reduced more than 99%
using raw coal,
• The PM emissions are so low that for much of
the time the improved stove substantially cleans
the ambient air that passes through it. The
chimney gases are usually cleaner than the
outdoor air.
Management ?
Air Pollution Concentration reductions due to
emission reduction scenarios.
• PM emissions needs to be reduced with about 94% to reach Mongolias
own air quality standards for PM10:
Annual Health Benefits From Abatement Scenarios
- benefits of different solutions accrue at different times.
The Cost of Delaying Short Term
Measures:
The decisive Argument for the project!
Some of the Lessons:
- Paid off to make a full-scale AQM study.
- Most critical argument for getting actual
the projects through:
- - Health Impacts (physical & economic).
- - Cost effectiveness of abatement
options, Cost of Inaction.
- - Comparing concentration levels with
other countries/cities.
Good News
Comparison of PM concentration
at Zuun ail
2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Oc-12
Jul-12
Apr-12
Dec-11
Sep-11
Jun-11
Mar-11
Dec-10
Sep-10
Jun-10
Mar-10
Dec-09
Sep-09
May-09
Feb-09
Nov-08
Aug-08
Apr-08
Jan-08
Oct-07
Jul-07
Apr-07
Jan-07
Oct-06
Jul-06
Apr-06
Jan-06
Oct-05
Feb-05
Nov-04
Good, but not very good
(NRC 2004-2012)
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
PM2.5
PM10
300.0
PM2.5 Avarage (year)
PM10 Avarage (year)
200.0
100.0
0.0
Thank You
for Your Attention!
XRF Spectrometer SPECTRO
Xepos, GENT, GRIMM
Samplers