Management of
Waste Incineration
Residues
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2nd SYNERGIA Forum
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June 10, 2010, Athens
National Hellenic Research
Foundation
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY / THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
J. Vehlow
Institute for Technical Chemistry -Thermal Waste Treatment Division
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and
National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
www.kit.edu
MSW
1000
furnace / boiler
2-5
Fe 20 - 50
non Fe 5 - 15
150 –
250
filter
scrubber
< 0,05
7 – 15
0,5 - 2
(wet
with effluents)
12 – 18
(wet without
effluents)
20 – 40
(dry)
flows of solid masses in a MSWI plant in kg
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
glass
gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7)
iron oxide (Fe3O4)
minerals in bottom ash
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
selected elements in bottom ash and lithosphere
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
landfill
landfill
class11
class
parameter
parameter
LOI
LOI
TOC
TOC
%%
%
%
DEV
S4 12457-4
DEV
DIN S4
EN
sol.fraction
fraction
sol.
el.cond.
cond.
el.
Cl
Cl
Cu
Cu
Zn
Zn
Cd
Cd
Pb
Pb
%
%
mS/m
mS/m
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
landfill
landfill
class 22
class
33
11
55
33
33
000
11000
66
000
55000
11
22
0,05
0,05
0,2
0,2
55
55
0,1
0,1
11
utilisation
utilisation
(LAGA M20)
M20)
(LAGA
11
600
600
250
250
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,005
0,005
0,05
0,05
German standards for landfill and utilisation
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
day 1
day 2
day 3
day 4
day 18
day 19
day 20
day 21
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
TOC in wt %
0.8
1.0
TOC in bottom ash (ASR co-combustion in full scale)
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
day 1
day 2
day 3
day 4
day 18
day 19
day 20
day 21
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
PCDD/F in ng[TE]/kg
7
8
PCDD/F in bottom ash (ASR co-combustion in full scale)
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
PCDD/F in ng(TE)/kg
10000.0
1000.0
100.0
10.0
1.0
soil
0.1
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
PCDD/F in grate ashes between 1985 and 2005
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
log (concentration)
DIN EN
12457 - 4
metals
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
pH
pH influence on heavy metal leaching
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
day 1
day 2
day 4
day 18
day 19
day 20
day 21
9
10
11
12
pH in eluate
fresh
13
14
aged
pH reduction by aging
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
pH influence on leaching of Pb
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
raw ash
<32 mm
sieve
32mm
>32 mm
sieve
10mm
<10 mm
impact
crusher
ferrous
scrap
magnetic
separation
nonferrous eddy current
scrap
separation
air
classifier
magnetic
separation
ferrous
scrap
eddy current
separation
sieve
32mm
>10 mm
nonferrous
scrap
>32 mm
belt
scale
belt
scale
storage for
maturing
to
furnace
disposal
utilisation
(source: Zwahr 2005)
treatment of bottom ash for utilisation (Hamburg)
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
DEV S4 results of 26 bottom ash samples
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
Cr
Ni
Cu
Zn
Pb
0.1
1
10
100
results in % of LAGA limit for utilisation
bottom ash
rec. concrete
gravel
DIN EN 38414-4 leaching of various materials
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
boiler
filter
APC
• washing
• metal separation
• sieving
• aging
• fusion
bottom ash treatment for quality improvement
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
Ni
Cu
Zn
Pb
0.1
1
10
100
results in % of LAGA limit for utilisation
aged
sintered
fused
DEV S4 leaching of treated grate ashes
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
Finland
Hungary
Czech Republic
Portugal
Belgium
Spain
Austria
Sweden
Denmark
UK
Italy
Netherlands
France
Germany
0
1,000
landfill
2,000
3,000
bottom ash in 1000 Mg
metals
4,000
5,000
utilisation
bottom ash management in selected EU countries
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
PCDD/F
concentration in mg/kg (PCDD/F in ng[TE]/kg)
selected pollutants in bottom and filter ash
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
boiler
• washing
• metal separation
• sieving
• aging
• fusion
filter
APC
• solidification
• stabilisation
• vitrification
• leaching/sintering
• asphalt filler
• salt mine backfilling
• central storage
for future mining
boiler and filter ash management options
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
2. scrubber
1. scrubber
filter
boiler
Hg recovery
grate ash
+ 3R product
extraction
binder
liquid
extrusion
heavy metal recovery
scheme of the 3R Process
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION
conclusions
bottom ashes
- can be utilized as building material e.g. in road construction
- secondary treatment pays only if a high quality of the
products can be achieved
fly ashes
- disposal depends on local conditions
- inertisation processes are developed
- storage for future mining
gas cleaning strategy
- should be selected according to the best residue disposal
option
J. Vehlow
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT DIVISION