Chapter 17 Management of watershed
environment
17.1 Overview
17.2 The connotation of watershed environmental management
17.3 Basic principle and method of watershed environmental management
17.4 System construction of watershed environmental management
17.5 Development trend of watershed environmental management
17.6 Case study
17.1 Overview
17.1.1 Basic concept
Watershed :it is conception of the catchment area which is formed between
surface and groundwater watershed.
Watershed environment
Figure 17-1 Watershed environmental management
17.1.2 Watershed function
Confluence function
hydrological function
water conservation function
Watershed function
regulating function
the function of chemical transport
ecological function
Habitat function
17.1.3 The characteristics of watershed function
 systemic
 dynamic
openness
imbalance
 Periodicity
 hierarchy
Human intervention
17.1.4 Watershed environmental problems
 Increase of water and soil loss. (figure 17-1）
 The escalating water pollution（figure 17-2）
 Cutoff （figure 17-3）
 River sedimentation
 Deterioration in ecological system
 Faced with huge population pressure（figure 17-4）
Figure 17-1
Soil and water loss area and erosion of Yangtze River Basin
Table 17-2
water quality of watershed in China,1997 and 1998(base on the date of state environmental conditions bulletin)
River Basin
Main Water Quality
Types
Yangtze
River Basin
Ⅲ type or superior
Yellow River
Basin
Ⅳ type
Pearl River
Basin
Huaihe River
Basin
Haihe River
basin
Liaohe river
basin
Songhuajiang
River Basin
The proportion of
this water quality
types in whole
riverf basin of
1997（％）
67.7
The proportion of
this water quality
types in whole
riverf basin of
1997 （％）
75
66.7
74
52
72
52
mainstream
inferior to Ⅴ
type 48
to Ⅲ type
Ⅲ type or
superior to Ⅲ
firsttype
order
affluent inferior
Second and
to Ⅴ type
third order
affluent inferior
to Ⅴ inferior
type
Ⅴ type、
to Ⅴ type
inferior to Ⅴ
type
Ⅳ type
71
50
62
50
61.4
70.6
67
Main pollution
factor
volatile
phenols 、COD
ammonianitrogen 、
COD、 volatile
ammoniaphenols
nitrogen 、
Total Mercury 、
COD
non-iron
ammonia 、
COD
ammonianitrogen 、
ammoniaCOD
nitrogen 、
Total Mercury 、
COD、 volatile
phenols
volatile
phenols 、COD
Figure 17-3 No-flow statistic of Lijin Yellow river
no-flow time
year
1972
origin
al
4.23
ultim
ate
6.29
1974
5.14
1975
noflow
days/
no-flow time
year
19
1987
origin
al
10.1
7.11
20
1988
6.27
7.1
5
5.31
6.27
13
1989
4.4
7.14
24
1976
5.18
5.25
8
1991
5.15
6.1
16
1978
6.3
6.27
5
1992
3.16
8.1
83
1979
5.27
7.9
21
1993
2.13
10.12
60
1980
5.14
8.24
8
1994
4.3
10.16
74
1981
5.17
6.29
36
1995
3.4
7.23
122
1982
6.8
6.17
10
1996
2.14
12.18
136
1983
6.26
6.30
5
1997
2.7
12.23
226
d
ultim
ate
10.17
noflow
days/
d
17
Figure 17-4 The comparison between resources per capita
of China and the world average level
Resource
projects
China
World
Average
level
land/h
m2
Farmland
0.96
0.10
3.27
0.37
/hm2
forest/hm
Grassland
/hm2
surface runoff
/m3
0.12
0.35
2700
0.05
0.65
0.76
11 000
0.67
2
Wood
/m3
17.2 The connotation of watershed environmental
management
17.2.1
The significance of watershed environmentalmanagement
The basis of government decision-making
Reasonable effective implementation of the regulation for managers
Provide security for effective supervision
17.2.2 The purpose and principle of watershed environmental
management
（1） The purpose of management
Rational development and utilization of limited resources and prevent floods and
other disasters
Coordination the relationship between valley society economy development and
resources development and utilization
 Supervise and limit resources from irrational development, utilization and pollution
Overall planning, rational distribution of the limited resources in the watershed
17.2.2 The purpose and principle of watershed environmental
management
（2） Management principle
Fair and reasonable utilization of water resources
 sustainable development of economy, population, resources
and environment
 Protection of water resources and ecological environment system
Ensure the basic ecological environmental water requirement
Comprehensive planning, development and protection of watershed
The supply-decided
17.2.3 The contents and features of watershed
environmental management
（1） The contents of watershed environmental management
Formulation of watershed water resources management policy
Formulation of watershed water resources comprehensive planning and gradually implem
 Water distribution and scheduling
Water pollution control measures
Flood control and flood fighting
River regime, water quality prediction
17.2.3 The contents and features of watershed
environmental management
（2）The features of watershed environmental management
integrity and correlation
segmental and difference
hierarchy and network
openness and dissipation
17.3 The basic principle and method of watershed environmental
management
17.3.1 Basic principle
The principle of
ultimate performance
water environmental
capacity
regional principle
Water environmental
function division
water resources
carrying capacity
17.3.2 Management method
（1）
Basic method
planning method
control method
（2）
Basic Classification
according to environmental management scope
according to environmental management property
according to the active program of environmental management
17.4 The system construction of watershed environmental
management
17.4.1 Watershed environmental management and coordination
——the experience of international

watershed environmental management
Focus on implementation unified management in water resources

Managing the water according to the laws

Establish democratic consultation rule is an important principle
of water resources management
 Economic methed is importance in valley management in all countries
17.4.2 Development and protection of water resource
It is necessary to clarify management responsibility between
watershed regions in order to protect each region has right to use
proper water
The confirmation about the standard of responsibility allocation：
Watershed Management Committee determine the quantity
of available water ,quantity of flowing away water and the
water quality
 Local governments signed the water agreements and it is
supervised the implementation by valley management
institution
17.4.3 Protection and compensation mechanism of watershed
environment
 Pollution compensation of watershed pollution
Core : collection and management of the water pollution
compensation fee
 The compensation of watershed resources utilization
It is signed agreement on paid transfer the water right in Zhejiang Jinhua
 Ecological compensation mechanism
Specifically refers to the compensation in ecological
function or value
17.4.4 Water disputes adjudication system
of watershed
Regional water conflicts caused by the shortage of water and the
deterioration in water quality
Watershed management institution has the duty--- "responsible for
the mediation in inter-provincial water disputes “
Suggest to establish watershed water ruling system and procedures
17.5 Development trend of watershed environmental management
17.5.1
Eco-environmental water demand
It is lack in traditional water allocation plan
Firstly,to meet the new patterns
of ecological water demand
17.5.2 Trans-boundary
One. Status both at home and abroad
Foreign: the United States, Russia and India
China: South-to-North Water Transfer
Two. The main problem:
Resources management in transferred out areas and
transferred areas
The conflict in water used in economy and the water
used in ecology.
The conflict in water diversion and water-saving
The conflict in water demand and water supply
17.6 Case study ——Utilization and conflict of
reservoir watershed water resource of Guanting
1. Overview （figure 17-2）
Supply the drinking water to 1 / 4 population in Beijing, and
supply some water in industry and agriculture.
Water quality is gradual deterioration in the past 30 years, and
now it has been seriously polluted
2. Background of water conflict of Guanting watershed

The conflict in economic goals of the upstream and the water
quality goals of downstream
Figure 17-2 Watershed map of Guangting reservoir
3. Water conflict analysis of Guangting watershed
（1） Conflict object
upstream ：Hebei Zhangjiakou
Beijing Yanqing
downstream ：
Beijing Central Government
（2） Options of conflict object
financial support
by central government
Beijing Burden partial expenses
Polluter Pays
Zhangjiakou
Partly cut
Completely cut
（3） Choice preference of conflict object

Central government: cooperation by upstream and downstream
in pollution treatment, support the minimum and get optimal overall

Beijing:the charge is on Zhangjiakou or central government

Zhangjiakou:get best support from central government and
Beijing in reducing the pollutants.
（4） Conclusion :
Cooperation management by local and central government to achieve win-win
 Information organization and structuration to support the decision
4. Conflict harmonization of Guangting water
resource
（1）The idea of conflict harmonization
（2）Harmonization model （figure 17-3）
（3）Scene program settings（table 17-5）
（4）The analysis of conflict harmonization
Figure 17-3 The model study diagram of conflict and coordination of regional water resources in
transboundary regions
behavior
prediction
of
conflict subject
（non-cooperation 、
cooperation）
system decomposition of
water resource
（confirm the conflict
subject
）
Submodel of water quantity optimize,
hydrology, economy, environment,
agency
junction water volume 、
prediction of available
water supply
The water quantity optimize
result in different situations
reduce available surface
water
N
Submodel of water quality
optimize
（Minimal treatment expenses
）
λ≥λd
Y
Coordination results of water
quantity and water quality
Macro-Economy
Forecast
water demand
prediction
generation prediction
of waste water and
pollutant
prediction of water
pollution treatment
expenses
Water environmental
capacity model
water quality of section
coordination model ，
conpare the benefit and
cost
cooperative game
control index of
section
economic reduction value of unit surface water
λd： management cost reduction values of unit surface water
λ：
Table 17- 5 The forecasting parameters in different
situations
Item
Continue development plan
coordinated development plan
domestic
water
city 214L/（person·d-1），
rural 192L/（person·d-1）
city 214L/（person·d-1），
rural 192L/（person·d-1）
Increase of irrigation area
40×103hm2/a，
Reduction of irrigation quota
10%
Increase of irrigation area 20×103hm2/a，
Reduction of irrigation quota 20%
industrial
water
Growth rate of industry is 8.96%，
water consumption quota
is124m3/104 Yuan
Growth rate of industry is 6.96%，
water consumption quota 104m3/104 Yuan
ecological
water use
minimum ecological flux
is20%natural runoff ，water use of
soil and water conservation is 30mm
agricultur
al water
Discharge
for water
pollutants
Annual change rate of
wastewater,CODMn and ammonia
nitrogen is 7.0%
minimum ecological flux is 20% natural runoff ，
water use of soil and water conservation is
30mm
Annual change rate of wastewater,
CODMn and ammonia nitrogen is 3.5%
Questions and discussion
What are the characteristics and principles
of watershed environmental management ?
 What do you think is the environmental
issues and management countermeasures of
South-to-North Water Diversion Project?
