1
Poverty Alleviation and
Forest Conservation- A Case
Study
MCT Phase IV Dehradun
Date:25.06.2013
Rajive Kumar, Project Director, Uttar Pradesh Participatory
Forest Management and Poverty Alleviation Project
Issues about Poverty and Forest
Conservation
• The rural poor often depend on forests for a wide range of
natural resources and ecosystem services essential for
their well-being, and are therefore potentially affected by
its degradation.
• Against this backdrop, conservationists, development
practitioners and policy makers often have differing
opinions on how—and whether—to link forest
conservation with poverty reduction.
• Despite the promises of conservationists that they can
deliver green sustainable development, around the world
extreme rural poverty continues to show a disturbing
correlation with the richest forests.
• Natural riches, however well protected, do not translate
into better lives for the most vulnerable. Indeed, often
those who live closest to nature seem to gain the least
from its protection.
Indeed, the linkages between forest and poverty are much
more complex and dynamic that often assumed.
4
Exploring potential of forests
• Forest largely viewed as natural capital but they also add to
• Financial Capital: Income from forest
• Human Capital: Improved food security, agriculture.
• Social Wellbeing:
• Forest provide non material goods that contribute to
livelihood by enhancing social and human capital.
• Forestry initiatives that support
• access to resources,
• participatory decision making and
• equity
assist in increasing well-being specially that of the poor
5
Exploring potential of forests
More than 1.6 billion people in the world depend to varying
degrees on forests for their livelihoods.
Worldwide, forest industries provide employment for 60 million
people.
Some one billion people depend on drugs derived from forest
plants for their medicinal needs (World Bank, 2001)
Fuel wood continues to be vital for many poor producers and
consumers.
 Bulk of rural households in developing countries use firewood as
domestic source of energy.
Firewood markets share important pro-poor features with other
NTFPs.
6
Exploring potential of forests
Of the 68 million tribal population of India, 50% still depend
on the forest resources for various livelihood requirements
viz., food, fodder, medicine, small timber and variety of
other NTFPs (Bhattacharya and Hayat, 2004)
In India, over half of its forest revenues and about 70% of
export income is contributed by NTFP (Shekhar et al.,
1993)
The enterprise supports about 10 million people in the
cottage industry of rolling the final product.
NTFP collection accounts for 1063 million person-days
(2.9 million persons years) of employment in India
7
Exploring potential of forests
Among the Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), tendu
leaves (leaves of Diospyros Melanoxylon) used as
wrapper for making bidis (country cigarettes) are the most
important.
 The importance of forest product income is usually more
in the way it fills gaps and complements other income,
than in its absolute magnitude or share of overall
household income (Byron and Arnold, 1999)
Thus forest has large potentials for livelihood.
Forest has also large potential for gainful employment.
8
THE GREATEST OF EVILS AND THE WORST OF CRIMES
IS POVERTY
George Bernard Shaw
9
Poverty scenario in India –
Poverty is more than just being economically weak
or having a low income. It involves broader
deprivation of well-being and quality of life,
including social isolation and powerlessness.
- Narayan et al., 2000; Sunderlin et al., 2005
10
Link between Forest and Poverty
The state of forests is actually as much as
threatened by wealth as by poverty.
Poverty is a cause of forest loss.
Forest loss contributes to maintain or even
increase poverty.
 This implies that economic development and poverty
reduction should help to improve forest condition, and
 Development of forest resources and improvement in
forest conditions can be an important vehicle for poverty
reduction.
11
Link between Forest and Poverty
People dependent on forest for their livelihood :
Around 350-400 million
No. of villages located in and around forest : 1.73
Lakhs
About 40% of poor people of India live in forest fringe
villages.
 Strong correlation between the tribal concentrated
areas, forest and poverty.
12
How to Link Conservation With Poverty
Alleviation
• Forest management together with poverty alleviation
•
•
•
•
•
programmes.
Involve communities in decision making.
Livelihood Security Enhancement and Income Generating
Activities.
Conservation strategies must be linked with livelihood.
Issue of benefit sharing.
Non forestry Income generating activities should be
promoted.
With this in background we have a JICA assisted project
in UP.
13
A brief on
Uttar Pradesh Participatory Forest Management and
Poverty Alleviation Project
14
FORESTS ON THE ROAD MAP OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE
Enhancement of forest and tree cover from existing 9.26%
of the State’s geographical area to 20% by the year 201920 would not only fullfil an obligation emanated from
National Forest Policy but also provide a launching pad
for the development of the State in terms of production of
renewable resources in shape of timber, NWFP;
employment generation, equity, social justice ,sustained
supply to industries like paper and pulp wood and other
timber based industries. The enhancement in tree cover
and improvement of forest would also help the State in
contributing to nullify ill effects of climate change by
providing the tree cover as a sink against the noxious
pollutants.
15
Logo of the project
Project area
16
Project Goals
• Participatory rehabilitation and management of degraded
forests.
• Enhancement of livelihood of local people
17
18
Project Objectives
• To restore degraded forest and to
augment forest resources.
• To secure sustainable forest
management by improving Forest
administration, Community
organization and other stake
holders.
• To conserve and better manage
the wild life.
• To improve the income of target
forest dependents and their
livelihood options.
19
Project Approach
There are four approaches to be followed to achieve the
project goals:
 Participatory forest management by JFMC/ EDC together
with UPFD formulating micro-plans;
 More emphasis on NWFP and fodder grasses and
establishing benefit-sharing mechanism to support
livelihoods and incomes
 Focus on village-level micro-enterprises to be managed
by JFMC/ EDC/ SHG; and
 Capacity building
20
Project Components
Preparatory Work
Institutional Arrangement
Demarcation, Survey & Mapping
Supporting Comp.
Soil Survey
Site Selection
Preparation of Guidelines, Manuals & Handbook
Main Component
Supporting Comp.
Forest Area Development (JFM Mode)
Survey & Research
Forest Area Development (Non-JFM Mode)
Communication &
Publication
Wildlife Conservation & Management
Institutional
Strengthening
Capacity Building
Of
JFMC/EDC/SHG
Community Development & Livelihood Improvement
Monitoring and Evaluation
Phase-out/Phase-in Work
Consulting Services
21
Institutional Arrangement for UP-PFMPAP
EMPOWERED COMMITTEE
Finance Department
Fund
Chairperson: Chief Secretary
Through
Budgetary
allocation
Advise
PROJECT IMPLEMENTING Unit (PMU)
(Autonomous registered society)
Governing Body
Chairperson: PS, Forests
Vice Chairperson: PCCF
Member Secretary: CPD
Forest Department
Project
Management
Consultant (PMC)
Office of PCCF
HEADQUARTER
Chief Project Director: APCCF/ CCF
As grants
Zonal Office [CCF]
Oversight
responsibility
Resource
Organisations
District Level
Project Advisory
Committee
NGO Support
Organisations
Circle Office [CF]
Divisional Management
Unit (DMUs)
Within DFO office
Implementing
organizations
JFMCs
Field Management Units
(FMUs)
Within RO office
SHGs
EDCs
Partner NGOs
22
What make this Project different
MicroPlanning
FOREST
USER
GROUP
Wetland
Notification of the
JFM area
Forest
Village
Non-Natural Resource
base
Natural Resource
base
Forest Resource
SHG
SHG
base (NWFP)
SHG
Moderately
Dense Forest
JFMC
Dense
Forest
SHG
Open/ degraded
Forest
Participatory M&E
(Social Audits)
JFMCs
EDCs
Total
No. of Beneficiaries
96,000
22,400
118,400
Ground of Estimation*
800 JFMCs x 120 household (HHs)
140 EDCs x 160 HHs
Forest
Department
23
Project Cost
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Component
Cost
(Rs. Million)
32.0
417.9
102.1
Preparatory Works
Institutional Strengthening of PMU/DMUs/FMUs
Capacity Building of NGO/JFMC/EDC/SHG
JFMC/EDC Community Development and Livelihood
Improvement
Departmental Forest Development and Management
JFM Forest Development and Management
Wildlife Conservation and Management
Item 4 and 6
Survey and Research
Communication and Publication
contributes around
Monitoring and Evaluation
45% of the total cost
Phase-out/phase-in Works
Sub-total (Direct Cost) (No.1~11)
Administration Cost
Sub-total (No.12+13)
Price Contingency
Sub-total (No.14+No.15)
Physical Contingency
Consulting Services
Tax and Duties
Grand Total (No.16~19)
%
0.6%
7.5%
1.8%
827.6
14.6%
717.0
1,701.2
44.6
41.2
43.5
32.5
0.0
3,959.6
687.0
4,646.6
225.0
4,871.6
204.7
293.5
209.0
5,578.8
12.9%
30.5%
0.8%
0.7%
0.8%
232323
71.0%
12.3%
83.3%
4.0%
87.3%
3.7%
5.2%
3.7%
100.0%
24
Expected Benefit
Project Component
Forest
Development and
Management
Project Activity
Timber Production
Fuel Wood
Production
NTFP Development
Benefit
Stumpage value of Teak (Tectona grandis)
Stumpage value of Sal (Shorea robusta)
Stumpage value of Sisso (Dalbergia sissoo)
Production of Fuel Wood
Production of Khair (Acacia catechu)
Production of Amla (Embilica Officinalis)
Production of Chironji (Buchanania lanjan)
Production of Salai (Boswellia serrata)
Production of Harra (Terminalia chebula)
Production of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus
strictus, etc.)
Fodder Development Production of Grass
Forest Development Fire Damage Prevention
and Management
Carbon Sequestration
Soil Conservation
Wildlife Conservation
Ecotourism
Ecotourism
and Management
Development
Community Development IGA by SHGs and
IGA
and Livelihood
SHG Consortium
Development
Total
74% share of
NTFP and 12%
share of IGAs by
SHGs is
expected
Value
(Rs. mil.)
1,988
446
330
987
2,648
9,050
2,789
261
10,087
9,472
323
212
675
712
482
5,649
46,109
25
Key Actors at
Implementation level
FMU
Partner
NGO
Animator
JFMC/
EDC
Community
26
JFMCs/ EDCs – How are they located?
27
JFMC/ EDC – emerging as Institutions
• JFMCs are created under UP Village Forests Joint
Management Rules, 2002 that ensures
• Notification of ‘village forest’ as defined in section 28 of Indian
Forest Act, 1927
• Constitution of Forest User Group (FUG)
• JFMC to sign agreement/ MOU with the UPFD to jointly manage
the village forest
• Perform functions and duties, and exercise powers as defined in
JFM Rules of year 2002
• EDCs are created under resolution of Government of
Uttar Pradesh made in year 1999
28
Additional Features under the project
• Registration under Societies Act, 1860
• Notification of village forest (with site demarcation and erection of
boundary pillars) and signing of MOU with UPFD
• Allocation of forest land for plantation purpose having forest type in
category of a) very dense forest, b) moderately dense, and c) open
degraded and scrub forest
• Nomination of Executives officers (President, Treasurer, Book keeper,
Secretary)
• Constitution of eight Working Groups
• Membership fee collection on annual basis
• Self-Help Groups (SHGs) as sub-group of FUG or forest-dependent
family to be constituted for income generation
29
Expectations from JFM/ EDC
• Now JFMC are expected to function as autonomous
institutions, and as partner to the UPFD
• However, eco-development has focus on sustainable
management, development and utilization of forest & its
resources.
30
How Micro Plan is visualized in the project?
• Micro-plan under the project would have two dimensions:
• Participatory Management of village forest under JFM 2002 Rules
and MOD provisions
• Community Development and Livelihood Improvement
It is also important to know and connect Micro-Plan with
Working Plan
• Under which Working Circle notified “Village Forest” comes, and
• What prescription is made by the Working Plan officer
31
• Thus, important elements of Micro-Plan are
• Vision of JFMC/ EDC for next five-years and beyond as
registered society
• Plan to execute activities envisaged under the project
• Convergence and dove-tail plans (through District-level Advisory
Committee - DLAC)
• Activities for which funds are available under the project for
project duration
• Alternate source of fund to realize activities not supported by the
project but needed and high on priority of the community
• Exit Policy and fund mobilization strategy beyond project-life
32
How could Micro-Plan be evolved in this?
Built
capacities
of JFMCs/
EDCs
Research’s
Inputs –
Work norms
& JFM /
NWFP
models
Baseline of
Village
Forest –
stocks/
resources
MICRO
PLAN
Technical
guidance &
support by
UPFD
(under
MOU)
Site
demarcated
and Base
map 1:5000
scale
(digital)
Baseline:
Socioeconomic & resource
utilization
33
FUG meeting in Bhujpur
JFMC, Sumerpur,
Hamirpur
Seed showing in Village
Forest area by FUG in
village Sahira, Lalganj,
Mirzapur
34
IS LIFE POSSIBLE WITHOUT LIVELIHOOD?
What is there for livelihood in the project?
35
Definition of Livelihood
• A livelihood comprises :
• the capabilities,
• assets (including both material and social resources) and
• activities required for a means of living.
• A livelihood is sustainable
• when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and
• maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in
future,while not undermining the natural resource base.
- Chambers and Conway, 1992
Income Generating Activities
through SHGs
 Forest based /Natural Resource Based/ Non-Natural
Resource Based IGA/ Micro-enterprise activities
Formation and Funding of 2680 SHG/ Micro-Enterprise
 Marketing Research and Support by resource
organizations (to identify, development of the product
profile and non-destructive harvesting techniques,
business plan and marketing strategies)
36
SHG Formation
• Internal saving and book keeping (Commonly known as Rotating
Saving and Credit activities).
• Financial support of Rs. 1.1 lac (Rs 1 lac seed fund and Rs10000
as support fund to each SHG)
• Till date 1664 SHGs have been formed against 2680 and internal
savings started.
• 579 SHGs have been funded by the Project till date.
37
38
IGA Training in Kanwa
JFMC, FMU Babhni,
Renukoot Demonstration
of nursery technique of
Satawar & Kal megh
Map of Dhauha village
forest area, FMU Chunar,
Mirzapur
39
Discussion on Business
Plan with SHGs in
Naugarh, Kashi by PMC
team
SHG grading in Sonah
EDC, Dudhwa, Dudhwa
40
SHG members
(Trainees) field visit to
Udyamita Vikas
Sansthan, Chitrakoot
IGA Training in Kanwa
JFMC, Babhni, Renukoot
41
Nursery done by Jai hind
SHG under IGA; JFMC
Baghnari, FMU Gurma,
Kaimur
Consensus Building in
Village Khadiya, FMU
Motipur, Katarniaghat
42
Lac culture
Tasar
Resource Organizations' Details
Name of Resource Organization
Task Allocated
State Forest Research Institute,
M.P. Jabalpur
State Forest Research Institute,
M.P. Jabalpur
Development Alternatives, New
Delhi
NTFP Resource Assessment and
Development
Harvesting and Post-Harvesting
Technology of NTFP
Market Research, Business Plan
Development, Product Profiling,
Product Development Protocol,
Trade Linkage and Networking for
potential IGA/SME
NTFP
Marketing
including
Certification
Indian Institute of Forest
Management, Bhopal
44
Livelihood Security Enhancement
• Also popularly known as Entry Point Activities.
• Basically for the development of village.
• More targeted for socio-economic weaker section of
village.
• More emphasis on JFMC building construction.
• Other popular activities are tent house, handpumps, wells.
• Support of Rs.1.80 lacs.
45
Solar light installed
through Convergence,
Musahidpur EDC,
Chakiya, Kashi
Construction of well
(EPA), Goderkhurd
JFMC, Patehra, Mirzapur
46
FUG listing on House
wall, Kevatam JFMC,
Ramgarh, Sonbhadra
Production Kit
distribution, Exposure
visit at Renukoot
Division
47
JFMC Office Building,
Bihuni Khurd JFMC,
Rath, Hamirpur
48
Timber,
Bamboo and
Tendu-patta
Benefit Sharing
Income = Sale Proceeds –
(Actual Expenditure +
Overhead expenses)
Situation 2:
Large scale
felling due to
calamities
Situation 1:
Regular
course
50%
Income
JFMC
10% Income
50%
Income or one lakh
UFPD
JFMC
Situation 3: In
case of
Bamboo only if
UPFC opts out
Total sale
proceeds
Royalty
by JFMC
Balance
Income
UFPD
JFMC
UFPD
49
Benefit Sharing…2
Income = Sale Proceeds –
(Actual Expenditure +
Overhead expenses)
NWFP other than
Tendu-patta and
Medicinal plants
100%
Income
JFMC
Token money
by JFMC
UFPD
Medicinal Plants
(Raw form)
100%
Income
JFMC
Token
money
UFPD
50
Budgetary Flow
• Budgetary flow to JFMC/ EDC would be strictly divided with
establishing two different accounts in a JFMC/ EDC village –
• JFMC Account (for forestry work)
• Village Development Fund (VDF) (for village development
work)
• This has been created to avoid probable mixing-up of
expenditure between forestry work and village development
work.
• Different sources and management/ utilization has been
suggested to the two accounts
51
Budgetary flow model for JFMC
DMU
Funds during project period
JFMC Account
(For Forestry Work)
1/4th
Cash fines for
illegal felling
Grazing Fee
Benefit
Share of
JFMC
3/4th
VDF Account
(For Village Development Work)
Returned principal &
Interest from SHG
Loan
SHG
SHG
SHG
52
Utilization of Income by JFMC
Income for
various sources
1/4th Benefit share /
earnings
JFMC Account
(For Forestry Work)
3/4th Benefit share / earnings
VDF Account
(For Village Development Work)
1/4th Benefit share
/ earnings for each
Seed Money
FUG Dividend
Community
Development
AR-CDM initiative in UP PFMPAP
• India is a signatory to Kyoto Protocol 1992
• AR-CDM is a tool to get CER Credits to communities
•
•
•
•
(JFMCs)
Provision of Study within project area for registration of
AR-CDM Projects with United Nation Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
TERI has been selected for this study and work is in
progress.
Survey of the village forests of first batch JFMCs has
been completed and around 5000 ha land has been
identified for submission of Project Design Document
(PDD) to UNFCCC through MoEF
10 Prior Consideration Forms for 10 PDDs have been
submitted to UNFCCC
53
Monitoring and Evaluation
GIS
Density Improvement
Analysis:
Through change detection analysis
(comparison) of satellite imageries
(LISS IV and Carto sat I data) of 20
forest divisions. Image based
maps have been completed for 04
divisions of Vindhyanchal Region
and 02 divisions of Terai 02 div of
Bundelkhand
SO-REN-Baghadu-I-Karri-12
Satellite Imagery
Density Classification
Vegetation Analysis
Vegetation Type
2009-2010
Area (Ha)
% Area
Scrub
0.44
0.25
Open Dense 1
5.59
3.22
53.72
30.90
High Dense 1
114.10
65.63
Total
173.85
100.00
Medium Dense 2
Padri Khurd - 2004
State ARM 19-20 September 2012
Padri Khurd - 2010
57
MIS Development
• The project is developing web
based information flow through inhouse development of MIS-10
modules.
• All major modules rolled out.
• All Financial Transactions of PMU
are online from FY 2011-12.
GIS and MIS interface
• All physical activities will be evaluated on GIS
based platform for pre-project and end term (spatial
and temporal level) including forest type stratification
and growing stock estimation
• All villages will be covered with MIS and GIS
linkages.
• In the first stage the web based MIS is being
developed for Divisions. After its evaluation it will be
developed for range level. This can be adapted for
use in the department.
61
M&E mechanism
• MIS: Physical and Financial Reporting (every month on prescribed
formats/ template)
• Use of GIS for spatial analysis
• Performance Indicators
• Annual Work Plan (drawn on the basis of implementation schedule
vis-à-vis scope defined in the TOR)
• Reviews (meetings, field visits)
• Ad-hoc Studies
• Surveys
62
Project Information Reporting Plan
Planning
Physical
Financial
Socio-economic
Training
Amount allocated
Amount sanctioned
Expenditure details
Details of procurement


Inputs
from
PMU





Status of forest
Plantation activitiy
Groundwater level
Soil erosion
Wildlife conservation
JFMC members
Income level
Availability of fodder
Milk yield & production
Crop yiled & production
Income from forest (NWFP)









MIS
GIS
Others


Monitoring







Progress in plantation activity
Area wise species planted
Progress in water/soil conservation
activities
Monitoring of wildlife conservation
measures
Growth of planted trees
Issues concerning implementation
Suggestions/ Feedback





Monitoring of activities of
institutions
Alternative livelihood
development activities
People’s perception toward
forest
Active participation of
villagers in JFM activities
Availability of fodder
Reports
Maps






Training schedule
List of participants
attended
Timely completion of
training
Feedback
Details of procurement
Expenditure details
Spatial





Attribute
Forest legal boundary map
Forest division map
Village boundary map
JFM location map
Land use / land cover map
Maps
Inputs
from
FTI
63
Social audit in Bargawan
JFMC, Jugail, Obra
Social Audit in Bajaddi
JFMC, Shankargarh,
Allahabad
64
Lessons learnt
• Provide space to all stakeholders in decision making
including planning, implementation and monitoring
• Poverty alleviation could not be merely achieved through
employment generation but by empowering community as
a whole
• Forest alone can not sustain the livelihood of people.
• Handholding and guidance for a longer period
• Enabling Policy environment and uniform policy regime
• Rules and Regulations including amending laws to
facilitate processes
65
• Community centric decision making
• Partnerships
• Inter-sectoral linkage and Convergence
• Transparency and Accountability
• Institutional arrangement coherent with existing statutory
bodies for local governance to avoid overlap and conflicts
• Post project budgetary support
• Continuity of Policy
66
A BIRD IN THE SKY DOES NOT SING BECAUSE IT
WANTS TO WIN A MUSICAL COMPETITION OR
SOMEONE HAS TOLD HER TO SING
It sings because it has discovered a freedom song
inside its own heart!
67
Thanks for your
kind attention!