Safe Public Places
thro’
FR Textiles
International & National Standards on
PPP Textiles
Presentation
By
NITRA
&
IIT - Delhi
Personal & Property Protection
(PPP) Textiles
• Fire Retardant (FR) Textiles
• High visibility warning clothing/Foul weather
clothing
• Ballistic protective clothing
they would have been with us….
had there been FR Textiles…
83 children killed
in school fire
in Kumbakonam
Victims of
Uphaar
Tragedy
Fabric flammability is an important issue,
especially for public spaces….
schools
hospitals
hotels
theatres
special event venues….
Importance of FR Textiles For
Public Safety
• In about 24 % of fire accidents, the first item to
catch fire is textiles
– 28% casualties were due to burns;
– 48% due to smoke/gas;
– 13% due to combined effects of burns, gas and
smoke;
– 11% due to other causes.
Therefore a strong need exists to implement
standards on FR textiles by enacting and
enforcing fire safety legislation and guidelines
specially for the public places/buildings and for
children wear.
L I F E S A V I N G S E C O N D S….
Standards- Protective Textiles
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Technology of FR Textiles
• Specialty fibers
– not manufactured in India
& expensive
• Chemical finishing on
conventional fibers
– less expensive
– Additional cost of Rs 30 to
100 per mt depending
upon the quality
requirement
Evaluation Parameters for FR Textiles
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Ease of Ignition
After Glow Time
Extent of After Glow
Char Length
Flame Spread Time, Debris or Drips
Smoldering Time
Limiting Oxygen Index
Heat Transmission Factor
Heat Transfer Index
Molten Metal Splash Index
Smoke Opacity
Toxicity
US Regulations
on
FR Fabrics
US Flammable Fabrics Act
(codified at 15 U.S.C 1191-1204)
• It keeps away the use of dangerously inflammable textiles
out of commerce
• It covers trading of fabrics meant for apparel or interior
furnishing when they are traded with importers in USA
• Manufacture, sale & importing of flammable fabrics into USA
shall be prohibited
• Importers are advised to buy from a supplier issuing a
guarantee and a test report
• Consumer Products Safety Commission is vested with the
powers of determination of – authority to test, testing
standards & prosecution powers
USA Flammable Fabrics Act
• Enforcement mechanism:
– Consumer Products Safety Commission administers the
enforcement mechanism
– Imported fabrics are not allowed to be cleared out of customs
warehouse unless it is FR
– In case imported fabrics are released against bond by customs
ware house, they can order for return to customs warehouse
– Can seize and send for testing
– File civil suit based on lab report
– Levy fine up to $ 100,000
– Penalty is based on gravity of injury that would have caused or
likely to have caused
– In the event of misrepresentation, the merchant is liable for
imprisonment up to 5 years.
U S National Standards
(Test methods)
Developed by National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 701:
Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation
of Textiles and Films.
The fabric is tested by burning a small sample and
measuring the flame, char length & flaming residue
– if a fabric meets these three areas, it is considered
as flame retardant.
State and Local Regulations
• Though NFPA 701 is the national standard, it is
not a law or regulation in itself.
• Authority to make and enforce laws and
regulations in this area is granted to state and
local governments.
• Many state and local governments have not
developed their own standards. Instead, they
require that draperies used in public spaces
meet the NFPA 701 standard.
U S State and Local Regulations
Some states and cities, however, have
developed their own standards and/or
procedures. These requirements are
separate and distinct from NFPA 701
standards.
State and Local Regulations
In California, for example,
drapery used in public
spaces must be made of
fabric that has been
registered with the State
Fire Marshal, documenting
compliance with Title 19
(Division 1, Chapter 8) of
California Code of Regulations.
While the State of New York and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts both
accept NFPA 701 certification, New
York City requires certification that
fabrics meet requirements outlined in
Title 27 (Chapters 1 and 4) of the
New York Administrative Code,
while the City of Boston requires that the end users submit
an application for a “use permit”, in advance, for each
fabric to be used in a public space.
State and Local Regulations
Venue Requirements
Even specific venues have developed their own
requirements for drapery to be utilized within the
venue. Radio City Music Hall, in addition to requiring
that all fabrics be certified compliant with New York City
regulations, also requires the Certificate of Flame
Retardancy include not just basic information on the fabric
utilized, but specific information about each sewn drapery
piece, including quantity and size.
European Standards
Guide list & web site
Protection Function
Standard Code
Protective Clothing
Against Heat & Flame
EN 531
For use in welding and allied processes
EN 470-1
Against mechanical impact
EN 510
For users of hand-held chainsaws
EN 381- series
Firemen’s Protective clothing
EN 469
Against cold
EN 342
Against foul weather
(Moisture, wind, cold)
EN 343
Against radioactive contamination
EN 1073
Against electric hazards/electrostatic charges
EN 1149
Against thermal hazards of an electric arc
CLC/TS 50354
(technical specs)
High visibility warning clothing
EN 471
For working in environment of machines
EN 510
Against chemical hazards
EN 465,, EN 466,
EN 467
http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/standards_drafts/onlinecataloguewithlinkstomem
bers/index.asp
Great Britain
The Consumer Protection Act (1987), the
Furniture and Furnishing (Fire) (Safety)
Regulations 1988, 1989 & 1993 set levels
of fire resistance for upholstered products.
Standards Mentioned : BS 5852, BS 7177,
BS EN 1021-2, BS 7176
• The first Regulation in Italy
concerning fire behavior of
Textiles e.g. Furnishings, had
come in the existence in 1984
for the public assembly
places like cinema halls,
theaters etc.
• Then restrictions for schools,
fairs and hotels followed
Italy
FRANCE
Upholstered Furniture in French
public buildings has to meet ERP
Article AM 18 which, since 2006,
requires a finished testing as per
the standard EN 1021 and French
Standards NF D60 – 013 & NF D60
– 015.
Application field and Fire standards
Upholstery
BS 5852
EN 1021
BS 7176
Flame
Cigarette
Crib 5
Mattress ticking
BS 6807-1/2
EN 597-1/2
BS 7175
BS 7177
Flame
Cigarette
Crib 5
Carpet
DIN 4102 (B1), FAR25-853
Black –out
NF P92 503
Curtains
BS 5867
type A
type B
type C
NF P92 503
Bedding
TB-604
Protective clothing
EN 533, NF P92 503 (M1)
Toys
EN 71/2
Non woven
NF P92 503
Fire Service Law of
Japan requires that
Flame
Retardant
items e.g. Carpets,
Curtains etc. should
have flame retarding
treatment
before
going to the end
users.
JAPAN
BIS Standards on FR Textiles
• BIS has brought out a series of standards for FR
textiles - curtains, drapes, upholstered furniture
materials, protective clothing for industrial workers
and fire fighters etc along with test methods for
evaluation of the above items.
• These standards are for 3 hazard categories
– low hazard
– moderate hazard &
– high hazard categories
Common FR Test Methods
Cigarette Burning Test
Match Test
Carpet Testing
Upholstery Test
Recommendations…
• In view of public safety and property loss as well
as high environmental pollution involved in fires, it
is necessary that relevant Indian standards are
made mandatory for textiles used in public places
/ buildings - hospitals, schools, airports, theaters,
shopping complexes, railways, civil aviation,
automobiles etc.
• Legislation for FR textiles are already in force in
many of the developed countries of the world and
India should be no exception to this.
RECOMMENDATIONS…
• IS Standards on FR textiles could be made
mandatory under the BIS Act.
• Standards developed by BIS on FR textiles need
to be included in National Building Code of India
2005 immediately as a separate chapter.
• In order to prevent the import of sub-standard and
hazardous FR textiles, the relevant Indian
standards could be made mandatory for imports
also.
RECOMMENDATIONS…
• Ministry of home affairs may take up appropriate steps to
introduce legislation in the parliament where by FR
fabrics shall be mandatory in public places – hospitals,
schools, auditoriums, cinema halls and places where lot
of persons converge. This shall be a central legislation to
be administered by state governments like Indian Penal
Code, Code of Civil Procedures, Indian stamp Act.
• Alternatively, Ministry of Home affairs may issue
circular/draft legislation to all state governments & Union
Territories for enactment of appropriate legislation
measure.
High-Visibility Warning Clothing
Performance Requirements of
High Visibility Materials
• Color
• Retro reflection- during night
• Fluorescence- during day
High Visibility Garment
Classification
It is based on assessing the extent to
which the wearer is exposed to Risk
• Task load
• Nature of work
• Color and complexity of the work
• Environment
• Lighting
Factors deciding Garment Classes
• Speed & Amount of Traffic through the Work zone
• Time of Day - day or night?
• Worker’s attention - towards on-coming traffic or
the task at hand?
• Type of Activity the Worker is Performing
• Proximity to traffic & other construction vehicles
• Location of Work - “Background Clutter” in the
Work zone
• Amount of Activity in the Work zone - Other
construction vehicles, etc.
Factors deciding Garment Classes
Performance Class 1:
• For low-risk environments - Lowest levels of
fluorescent and reflective materials
Performance Class 2:
• Environments that are moderately severe Balance of fluorescent and reflective
materials
Performance Class 3:
• For use in most severe environments Offers the greatest amount of fluorescent
and reflective coverage
Classification - Class 1
• For workers in occupations that permit full
and undivided attention to approaching
traffic;
• when backgrounds are not complex;
• when workers on foot are separated from
traffic; &
• when vehicles are moving at speeds not
exceeding 25 mph.
Classification- class 2:
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For workers who require greater visibility under
inclement weather conditions;
when backgrounds are not complex; &
when tasks divert attention from approaching
vehicle traffic.
Classification- class 2:
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Greater Visibility Needed due to
Inclement Weather Conditions
Complex and Cluttered Backgrounds
Most Work is Performed during Daytime
Hours
Worker’s Attention is Diverted from OnComing Traffic and Surrounding
Environment
Classification- class 3
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Anyone who has a high task load and is in
close proximity to moving equipment or
traffic at high speeds
Work Occurs at Night
Worker’s Attention is Diverted from OnComing
Traffic
and
Surrounding
Environment
“Cluttered” Work Zone with High Levels of
Activity
Worker has no separation between them and
traffic
Classification- class 3
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For workers on foot and vehicle
operators whose high task loads
place them in danger;
when the weather must be clear
through the full range of body
motions at a minimum of 390 m
and when the wearer must be
identified as a person.
Worker must be Visible from All Angles and Identifiable as a Person
Recommendations
• At present statutory requirement is not in force
for work places; except in few institutions such
as A A I, Railways, DMRC etc.
• Dress code should be strictly followed for those
working in risky environments; appropriate IS
standards (as per EN 471) have been
formulated and Ministry of Home affairs should
ensure compliance to the safety guidelines for
which designated authority may also be notified.
Ballistic Vest
Ballistic Vest
A ballistic vest or bulletproof vest is a
protective clothing that absorbs the
impact from firearm -fired projectiles
and
shrapnel
fragments
from
explosions, on the wearer's torso.
Soft vests are made from many layers of
fabric to protect from projectiles of
certain calibers fired from handguns,
shotguns & small fragments from
hand grenades.
If metal or ceramic plates are used with
a soft vest, it can also protect from shots
fired from rifles. It
can
offer
some
protection against stab and slash from a
knife.
Soft vests are commonly worn by police
forces, private citizens and private security
guards or bodyguards.
Hard-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn
by combat soldiers in the armies of various
nations as well as police tactical units and
hostage rescue teams.
Vests intended for police and military use may
also include ballistic shoulder, and side
protection armor components. Bomb
disposal officers wear heavy armor and
helmets with face visors and spine
protection
Bullet Proof Jacket
The bullet-proof jacket protects the bearer by
dissipating the kinetic energy of the projectile into the
equipment layers by deformation of the fabric layer
cutting across yarns.
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Light weight (around 5 Kg)
Comfortable to wear
Facilitate body movement
Ability to spread the projectile
energy efficiently
Bullet proof vest is made from Kevlar fabric which belongs to
Nylon (polyamides) family.
It has unique “impact” characteristics.
Kevlar Under Impact
a) Carbon Fiber After Impact
b) Kevlar After Impact
c) Hybrid of Carbon Fiber and Kevlar After Impact
Body Armor
• Body, hand, wrist, and elbow armor are now made of Carbon
composite with Kevlar as reinforcement to increases impact
resistance.
• Kevlar with Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) is the new
improvement in body armor. It can take the same amount of
impact, but with less layers, which makes the armor lighter and
stronger.
Kevlar Treated with Shear Thickening Fluid
(Spike Stab Test)
Market dynamics and key growth drivers
• With the rising trend of crime, violence
and terrorism the demand for bulletproof jackets is rising as well.
• The major customers are Defence,
Paramilitary forces engaged in counter
terrorism/insurgency operations and
Law enforcement agencies.
• Despite high demand there have been
very few suppliers in the market.
• Indian Army alone can use up to 2 Lac
pieces per annum given assured
supply and realistic prices. However the
supply is not adequate.
U S Specifications
National Institute of Justice specification
(NIJ)
U.S. Department of Justice
• Personal body armor covered by
this standard is classified into
five types (IIA, II, IIIA, III, IV) by
level of ballistic performance.
• In addition, a special test class is
defined to allow armor to be
validated against threats that
may not be covered by the five
standard classes.
Classification of Ballistic Vests
Armor
Level
Protection
Type IIA
(9 mm;
.40 S&W)
against 8 g. 9x19mm Parabellum Full Metal Jacketed Round
Nose (FMJ RN) bullets at a velocity of 373 m/s and 11.7 g .40
S&W Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets at a velocity of 352 m/s
Type II
(9 mm;
.357
Magnum)
against 8 g. 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 398 m/s and
10.2 g .357 Magnum Jacketed Soft Point bullets at a velocity of
436 m/s
Type IIIA
(.357 Sig;
.44
Magnum)
against 8.1 g .357 SIG FMJ Flat Nose (FN) bullets at a velocity of
448 m/s and 15.6 g .44 Magnum Semi Jacketed Hollow Point
(SJHP) bullets at a velocity of 436 m/s
Type III
(Rifles)
against 9.6 g 7.62x51mm NATO M80 ball bullets at a velocity of
847 m/s.
Type IV
(Armor
Piercing
Rifle)
against 10.8 g .30-06 Springfield M2 armor piercing (AP) bullets
at a velocity of 878 m/s
Recently Ministry of Home Affairs finalized the
technical specification of Light Weight Bullet Proof
Jackets as per NIJ Standard of Ballistic Resistance of
Personal Body Armour (NIJ Standard -010104) – Threat
Level III A
Assam Rifles, BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP, NSG, SSB, BPR&D
The government has agreed to demands of the police for improved quality of
bullet proof jackets but there may be problems in delivery.
"We need nearly 1,00,000 more such jackets. It will take another one year when
we will have bullet proof jacket with improved qualitative requirements. It will be by
end of year 2009," said Bureau of Police R& D Chief K Koshy.
Center of Excellence
(Protech)
NITRA & IIT-D
Vision Statement
Committed to assist Indian textile
industry to venture in technical textile
manufacturing (Protech) by way of
providing world class services in
• Testing
• Training
• Information & knowledge sharing
Services to the industry
Facilities for testing and evaluation of
products:
• The common testing facilities will be set up
as per international standards such as
ASTM, BS, DIN, ISO, EN etc.
• These facilities will cater to the requirement
of testing the final product and also the raw
material and other elements that go into the
final product
Services to the industry
National & International accreditation
The testing laboratories will get national
accreditation by NABL and also get
accredited by international institutes so
that the test results are accepted in the
international market.
Services to the industry
Resource center with IT infrastructure:
• Technical & Trade related literature – Text
books, research journals & periodicals,
international standards for testing &
product specifications, trade magazines,
directories of national and international
manufacturers etc.
• Show room – display of products
• Dedicated website on Protech
Services to the industry
Training of core personnel:
• Textile technologists, academicians, scientists
and industry personnel.
• Develop a set of core professionals (trainers) to
impart training to the complete range of persons
who are engaged in the business of Protech.
• The core professional will be trained by
internationally reputed consultants in the areas of
knowledge, technology and application.
Services to the industry
Training of personnel from the industry:
• Facilities for regular training of technicians
working in the industry.
• The CoE will also study the requirement of
the training from the clusters and will set up
satellite training facilities in such clusters to
facilitate the technicians to attend the
training programs.