CRITICAL DIMENSIONS OF
INDIAN INVESTMENT IN AFRICA:
A Case Study Of Indian Investment In Zambia
Presentation By: Annie M. Siame
Assistant Programmes Officer
CUTS International-Lusaka
11th September, 2014
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Case study: Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd
• Survey Results
• Key Findings
• Recommendations
• Way Forward
INTRODUCTION
• Relationship Between India And Zambia
• Investment Climate In Zambia
• Overview of the Mining Sector
INTRODUCTION
• India and Zambia have cordial relations.
• Economic cooperation between Zambia and India can be
traced as far back as the 1970s and has continued to
grow over the years.
• India has invested in Zambia in different key sectors of
the economy such as mining, agriculture, extractive
industry, and tourism.
• The mining sector is one of the sectors that India is
heavily investing in.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• A number of Indian companies are doing business in Zambia
and many more have shown interest to invest in this friendly
country abundantly endowed with natural resources.
• Some of these companies are Airtel Zambia, Tata Africa, Nava
Bharat Ventures Ltd., RJ Corporation, Taurian Manganese and
others have made large investments in various sectors in
Zambia.
• Since 2007 Indian foreign direct investment (FDI) to Zambia
has surpassed US$3bn.
• These companies have employed over 25,000 Zambian
nationals.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• India’s export items include drug and pharmaceuticals,
machinery and instruments, transport equipment, cotton
yarn and fabrics, plastic, rubber, chemicals, and electronic
goods.
• India’s imports from Zambia include non-ferrous metals,
ores (copper and cobalt), semi-precious stones and raw
cotton
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• Zambia and India’s exports
INTRODUCTION CONT.
Investment Climate in Zambia
• Zambia offers a very liberal investment environment.
• This is attributed to the economic reforms undertaken in
the early 1990s, with the key aim of making the country
more attractive to private (both domestic and foreign)
investment.
• The 2 major reform programmes are the Private Sector
Development Reform Programme (PSDRP) and the
Millennium Challenge Account (MCA).
INTRODUCTION CONT.
Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows1
• Prime growth sectors for investment
are Manufacturing, Agriculture and
Agro processing, Tourism, Energy
and Mining.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• Currently, FDI is governed by the Zambia Development
Agency Act of 2006, which offers a wide range of
incentives in the form of allowances, exemptions and
concessions to companies.
• Other policies that affect investment in the country.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
Overview Of The Mining Sector
• The mining industry has been the economic and social
backbone in Zambia since the first exploitation of copper
deposits on the copper belt.
• Copper and cobalt are the key commodities produced in
Zambia.
• The mining industry engages in the production of lead,
zinc, coal, silver and gold.
• The sector has gone through three main phases of
ownership: first, private ownership under a colonial
administration,
then
national
ownership
postindependence and finally reprivatization from the late
1990s.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• Zambia’s mining sector is currently dominated by entities
•
•
•
•
•
owned by multinationals.
Currently Copper production in
Zambia is over
800,000ton as 2012.
There are approximately more than 15 players in the
mining sector currently.
Zambia still has an exceptionally high level of macroeconomic dependence on mining.
The sector contributes at least 12 per cent of GDP, to
total export earnings it contributes about 80% and
accounts for 86 per cent of FDI.
Mining also plays a vital role in generating employment in
and around mining districts in Zambia.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• Together the four major mining companies employed
56,300 people in 2012, almost all of whom are Zambian
(98–99 per cent).
• In relation to government revenue, in 2012, almost onethird (32 per cent) of all tax revenue received by the
government was from mining sector taxes.
• The mining sector in Zambia also registers its impact on
the nation’s social sector through its huge contributions
towards
Corporate
Social
Responsibility
(CSR)
Programmes.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• There is no legislative framework governing CSR in
Zambia. There are no tangible guidelines for firms on
implementing CSR in the country.
• The Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development is
responsible for enacting legislations for the mining sector
in Zambia. The Mines and Minerals Development Act
2008 is the primary statute that governs the mining sector
in Zambia.
• Zambia is party to numerous international treaties and
conventions at the global, regional and sub-regional level.
These treaties cover a variety of fields such as trade and
investment, diplomatic relations, climate change and
human rights.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• In the mining sector Zambia adheres to the following
international convection and treaties:
• Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995 (No.176)
• Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No.81)
• Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration)
Convention, 1977 (No.148)
• Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
(No.155)
• Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No.161)
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• An
overall environmental and natural resources
management framework exists through the National
Conservation Strategy of 1985, National Environmental
Action Plan of 1994, and the National Policy on the
Environment of 2007.
• The Environmental Management Act
also contains
provisions that regulate the conduct of mining operations
under subsisting mining legislation.
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA)
administers the Environmental Management Act and
deals with issues pertaining to mining that arise therefrom
• ZEMA is an independent environmental regulator charged
with ensuring the sustainable use of the country’s natural
resources.
• ZEMA’s mandate is outlined in the Environmental
Management Act of 2011 that covers all matters affecting
the environment, from pollution to waste disposal.
METHODOLOGY
• A scoping mission was undertaken before the actual
research in order to gain understanding of the area and
the operations of the company, Maamba Collieries.
• . The mission was concentrated more on interactions with
a few selected members of the surrounding communities.
A total of 17 community members were met who gave –
similar answers – in terms of challenges and opportunities
which exist in the community.
• The research used both qualitative and quantitative
methods.
• Primary
data
was
collected
using
structured
questionnaires.
METHODOLOGY CONT.
• 50
•
•
•
•
•
•
questionnaires were administered to the community
members in Maamba.
Interviews were also conducted with other stakeholders; Civil
Society Organizations, Regulatory Authorities, Media, The
Company and Business Chamber.
Face to face interviews were applied.
Convenience sampling was used (a method of non-probability
sampling) with the community.
With the other stakeholders purposive sampling (homogenous
sampling) was used.
The responses from the other stakeholders were fed into the
quantitative survey.
Data entry and analysis was done using Excel and SPSS and
frequency tables were generated in both packages to facilitate
presentations and interpretations of results.
CASE STUDY: Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd
• Nava
Bharat Ferro Alloys Limited (NBFA) commenced
operations in 1975 at Paloncha in Andhra Pradesh, a state in
Southern India.
• To represent better the diversified business activities, the
name of the company was changed to Nava Bharat Ventures
Limited (NBV) in July 2006.
• NBV spread its wings globally through overseas projects and
trading activity controlled by Nava Bharat (Singapore) Pte.
Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of NBV, functioning from
Singapore.
• The domestic business divisions of the company includes:
Ferro Alloy, power, sugar, infrastructure and the International
business divisions of the company include: Power, Mining,
Coal, Ferro Alloy, and Mineral Ore.
CASE STUDY CONT.
• NBS holds a majority equity stake (65% equity stake) in
Maamba Collieries Limited (MCL), the largest coal mining
company in Zambia.
• MCL was privatized by the Government of Republic of
Zambia in 2010.
• The Zambian government selected Singapore-based
diversified organisation Nava Bharat Ventures as the
strategic and technical partner for Zambia Consolidated
Copper Mines (ZCCM), to revamp and develop the
existing Maamba coal mine for the purpose of producing
and supplying coal to the new coal-fired power plant as
well as selling coal domestically and internationally.
CASE STUDY CONT.
• The project is developed under public–private partner-
ship with ZCCM, which represents the Zambian
government, and this is being carried out on a build, own
and operate basis.
• It has total estimated reserves of 140 million tonnes
comprising high grade and thermal grade coal, spread
over 1070 hectares out of a total concession area of 7900
hectares.
• The Company has revived coal mining operations and is
establishing a mine-mouth, 300MW coal fired power plant,
with a total capital outlay of around US$ 750 Million.
CASE STUDY CONT.
• Since the mine was reopened in May, 2010 the total coal
production levels have reached over 400,000 tons in
2013.
• Since commencement of production in April 2010,
Maamba Collieries Limited (MCL) has created 1, 460 jobs
at the mine and the power plant construction site.
• These jobs are through the sub-contracted companies it
has engaged to carry out various specialized works in
Maamba.
• MCL has 215 direct jobs but also owns a subsidiary
company called Maamba Development Trust (MDT).
SURVEY RESULTS
• The survey consisted of 50 questionnaires which were
administered to the community.
• The aim of the survey was to analyse the impact of Indian
investment on the sustainability of local communities in
Zambia and to get the perceptions of the community on
what they thought about the investment of the Indian
owned company (Maamba collieries).
• This report benefits from a survey that was conducted on
local communities in Maamba, a Township in Sinazongwe
district of Southern Province of Zambia, which is about
350 kilometres from the capital city of Zambia, Lusaka.
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
• It was important to get the views of the community in this
survey in order to get a useful insight into how people
perceive the current investment in their community.
• A description of the community, the people’s attitudes and
their expectations from the company.
• Also the views help identify the needs of the community
in order to provide services appropriate to those needs.
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Profile of survey respondents
Table 1: Respondents Characteristics
Response Count
Total number of respondents
Male
Female
50
26
24
Percentage
%
100
52
48
Table 1 shows the composition of the respondents by sex. Fifty two (52%) were male and 48% were
female. Majority of the respondents were aged between the ages 30 and 39 years old with a
percentage of 38%. The most common size of the households was between the ranges 4 and 6 with
46%, Seventy two percent (72%) of the respondents come from the area were the survey was carried
out because they have lived there since birth.
SURVEY
RESULTS
CONT.
The chart shows
that twenty two
percent (22%) of
the respondents
have lived in the
area between 0
to 5 years.
• How long respondents have resided in
the area
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
• Migration
Table 2: Community Perception of the Company
Most of the respondents (94%) felt that there has been an influx of people into the region since
the company started its operations.
Graph 1. Influx of people in the research area
Response Percentage
Count (yes) %
Do you feel that the presence of the company has benefit ed the 27
54
community? [11]
Have you benefit ed from the presence of the company 28
56
personally? [12]
frequency
35
30
25
20
frequency
15
10
5
0
high
moderate
none
low
very low
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Graph 2: To what extent do you think that the increase in people has put pressure on natural
resources? [Q.15]
Graph 3: To what extent do you think that the increase in people has put pressure on basic
infrastructure? [16]
frequency
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
frequency
A lot
Not a lot
A little
None
nonresponse
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Table 3: Conflict amongst members
Displacement
• Thirty one (31) of the
Response Count
(Yes)
Have you witnessed any tensions between the community
members who were originally here and those who moved here
after the company begun its operations? [Q.18]
Have there been measures to resolve the conflicts? [Q.20]
Percentage
%
31
62
8
16
The table shows that 62% of the respondents have witnessed tensions between the community
members who were originally there and those that have moved there. Those that agreed to witness the
tensions were not victims personally. The people experiencing tensions/ aggrieved in this area are the
locals because they say that they are competing for jobs with foreigners and people coming from other
parts of the country. They feel they are not given first priority when it comes to job opportunities.
In terms of measures being undertaken, 16% of the respondents agreed that measures were being
taken to resolve the conflicts, while 34% said no measures were being taken and 42% responded that
this was not applicable. For those that agreed that measures were being undertaken responded that the
interventions were being done by the chiefs mostly and to a lesser extent the area councillor.
respondents were aware
of how the land was
acquired.
• The company bought the
land from the community
through the chief.
• In comparison with the
responses the
respondents gave, they
believe the company
bought the land from the
government.
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
• The acquisition of the land by the company was done
according to the laws and regulations of the country.
• These are the Land Act 1995, Land Acquisition Act 1996
and the Mines And Minerals Development Act 2008
• The primary pathways for acquiring customary land are
through the consultation of customary land owners (Lands
Act 1995, Land Acquisition Act 1996).
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Table 5: Compensation
Table 4: Land Acquisition
Were your land rights affected by the land acquisition? [Q.24]
Response Count Percentage
%
(yes)
54
27
Do you feel it was a fair and just process? [Q.26]
16
32
The land rights regulations in Zambia are the Lands Act (1995) and the Lands Acquisition Act. In
relation to land rights, they have been issues pertaining to ownership of the houses that have been
built by the company after some members of the community were displaced. The displaced people
cannot get title deeds for the houses because the land is owned by the company. The table illustrates
that 54% of the respondents felt that their land rights were affected. it can be seen that 32% of the
respondents felt that it was a just process while 58% feel that the process was unjust. This is due to the
fact that they cannot get title deeds. All the respondents to whom the questionnaires were
administered were not involved in the land acquisition process. 32 of the respondents would have
preferred to be involved in the acquisition of land.
Are you aware of people who were displaced during the
establishment or expansion of the country project? [Q.29]
If yes were the displaced people compensated? [Q.30]
Response Count Percentage
(Yes)
%
42
84
44
88
The table shows that 84% of the respondents are aware of the people who were displaced during the
establishment/ expansion of the project. 88% responded that the people who were displaced were
compensated. The community is aware of who was supposed to compensate the displaced people. The
responses were reflective of the actual laws of the land, 42 responded that the company was supposed
to compensate the people and this is in line with the laws of the country, the land acquisition act states
that Compensation is determined and paid to those private persons or bodies whose land is so
acquired. Most of the respondents (30) felt that the whole process was handled well and that the
reason why they stayed behind was because they were not affected by the expansion process. Their
land is far from the construction site only the shop owners were affected.
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Graph 5: How accessible are the infrastructural developments made by the company?
Infrastructure Investment
The presence of the company has brought about infrastructure development to the Maamba
community. 58% of the respondents acknowledge that there is infrastructure development.
Graph 4: What infrastructural investments have taken place?
The graph shows that 30% of the respondents felt that the educational facilities were easily
accessible. 14% of the respondents felt that the medical facilities were also easily accessible.
Even though some of the respondents felt that the company had some infrastructural
developments with regards to the training facilities and to electricity, these facilities were
however not easily accessible. 33 (66%) of the respondents indicated that the facilities can be
used by anyone.
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Gender
Table 6: Gender
Do you feel that the company created more job opportunities for
women?
Response Count
Percentage
(Yes)
%
14
28
Does the company run any skills-development programme or any 0
other schemes specifically for women in the community?
14
Do you feel that the socio-economic position of women in the
community has changed since the company’s arrival
0
28
The table shows that only 14 members of the community felt that the company had created
more job opportunities for women and that the socio-economic position of women in the
community has changed since the company’s arrival. 8 of the 14 members that felt that the
company had created more job opportunities for women and that the socio-economic position
of women in the community has changed since the company’s arrival were male, whereas
only 6 were female. Looking at the total number of females that were respondents 24 only 6
felt that the company had created job opportunities for the women and that their economic
position had been changed since the company’s arrival. From the total number of men which
was 26, only 8 agreed to this. What can be deduced here is that most of the respondents feel
that the company has not provided job opportunities for the women and those that felt that the
company has provided jobs are probably employed by the company.
Economic Impacts
• Most of the respondents
(52%) own the homes they
live in.
• In terms of employment
majority of them are selfemployed with an income
range of between K600
($100) and K1500 ($250) this
compared to the minimum
wage of the country as stated
by the labour laws is higher.
• The
minimum
wage
according to the labour laws
of Zambia is k520 ($86).
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
• The respondents felt that the
company has increased the
community’s
employment
opportunities.
• Thirty
six
(36)
of
the
respondents
felt
that
the
company
had
increased
employment opportunities to the
community.
• Forty six (46) members of the
community felt that were job
losses as a result of the
establishment of the company,
• Twenty four (24) respondents
felt that these people were able
to find alternative employment.
• A
majority of 52% of the
respondents felt that there had
been an increase in the overall
income of the local community.
• 54% of the respondents felt that
the local economy had been
impacted positively since the
company arrived.
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Graph 6: What level of impact do you feel the company has had on employment
generation?[Q.45]
Graph 7: To what extent do you think the company has created jobs for the community within
the company? [Q.46]
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Graph 9: Do you feel that the company has in overall impacted the local economy positively?
Graph 8: To what extent do you think the company has
Created an environment for other business opportunities in the area?[Q.47]
SURVEY RESULTS CONT.
Overall
Environmental Impact
Graph 10: In what areas would you like to see Maamba Collieries focus on more in the
community?
Table 7: Responsibility towards Environment
Response Count
Percentage
(Yes)
Is this company environmentally responsible? [42]
42
84
Is the company taking any steps to restore the environment? [43]
17
34
42 respondents felt that the company was environmentally responsible but only 17 respondents felt
that was company taking any steps to restore the environment. The areas that the community members
felt were most vulnerable to degradation were: air quality, 56% of the respondents felt the company
was negatively impacting the quality of the air; diseases, 68% of the respondents felt that the most of
the diseases that were prevalent in the community were as a results mining activities in the area, land
pollution, 80% 0f the respondents felt that the mining activities were negatively affecting the land,
and forestry and vegetation, 60% of the respondents felt that the company’s mining activities were
putting pressure on the forestry and vegetation in the area. The respondents were of the opinion that
the only step the company was making to restore the environment was the replacement of water pipes.
The graph illustrates that 70% of the respondents felt that the company needed to focus more
on improving the educational facilities in the community. The members of the community felt
that the company needed to involve them (the community) and the government in the developments
the company was making in the community. They also felt that the company should provide loans for
them in order for them to establish businesses around the community.
KEY FINDINGS
Social
• The
company has brought about employment
opportunities for the locals, leading to income generation
which has been seen to be a positive impact for the
community.
• There has been influx of people in the region since the
company started its operations
SOCIAL IMPACT CONT.
• Due to expansions by the company, some of the residents
in the community were displaced.
• Those that were displaced were compensated by the
company.
• According to the company the affected persons were
properly resettled – with a compensation package of
physical houses, relocation allowance and other related
infrastructure (like street lightning, water, recreation hall,
roads).
• While Zambia has no resettlement policy, the government
refers to the World Bank guidelines on resettlement in its
communications.
From here
to
There
SOCIAL IMPACT CONT
• The respondents have indicated that there has also been
infrastructure development as a result of the company’s
presence.
• The company has employed some women from the
community who are working in operatives, middle
management as well senior management.
• The company does not run any special skill development
or similar programme for women (non-employee) but
plans are under way to teach unemployed women in
income generating skills.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Employment opportunities have been increased in the
•
•
•
•
•
community.
They have been job losses as a result of the
establishment of the company.
But those that lost there jobs have been able to find
alternative jobs.
The company has created other employment
opportunities through backward/forward linkages.
The community feels that there has been an increase in
the overall income of the local community.
The local economy has been impacted positively.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Civil society organizations indicated that much still needs
to be done for the surrounding communities of the mines
in terms of employment.
• The mining sector is characterized with casual
employment and a number of employees have been laid
off in the last couple of years.
• they pointed out that there has been a reduction in
agriculture and pastoral activities due to mining
operations in the local community, by the company.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
• The
respondents felt that the company was
environmentally responsible but a large number of them
also felt that the company was not taking any necessary
steps to restore the environment.
• The respondents were of the opinion that the only step
the company was making to restore the environment was
the replacement of water pipes.
• 80% 0f the respondents felt that the mining activities were
negatively affecting the land, and forestry and vegetation
and that most of the diseases in the area were due to the
mining activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS CONT.
• In response to these concerns the company is taking the
necessary steps to protect the environment by
undertaking massive landscaping within the mine area
where trees and lawns have been planted.
• Trees have also been planted in the township. The
company is also sensitising the community on the
dangers of indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste in the
environment through “keep Maamba free from plastics”
campaign
OVERALL
• The respondents felt that the company needed to focus
more on improving the educational and health facilities in
the community.
• the company, they pointed out that they have carried out
community need based projects through Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR.).
• The company also has a policy that defines CSR.
Through this policy the company has committed USD3/
tonne of washed coal sold is channelled towards the
company’s CSR
• the company’s CSR through the Provision of free medical
camps to rural communities, Construction of roads and
foot bridges.
OVERALL CONT.
• The company further says that the engagement with
community has been good and this engagement is being
done with the guidance of the company’s stakeholder
engagement plan.
• The CSO’s indicated that they were still controversies
regarding the investment in the community. Controversies
with regards to people being displaced from their land and
that their compensation was not adequate.
• As well as the environmental problems that is caused by
the mines. There was a very strong uproar, the local
people were not interested in the operational support.
OVERALL CONT.
• Issues
of Emission, the company said that these
emissions are due to heavy traffic to and from the
construction site which is normally attended to by regular
watering of the affected roads.
• The Maamba Collieries is not a member of the chamber
of mines of Zambia.
• The civil society organisations feel that Indian investment
is no different from other investment coming to the country
as all investors come with the purpose of making profits.
• All stakeholders feel that the measures and/or actions that
need to be taken to improve the positive benefits in terms
of social, economic and environmental aspects to spill
over into local communities are;
OVERALL CONT.
More enquiries into the investors should be done. This
should be through open conversation/communication
before these companies can invest in the areas. This
open communication should highlight/ measure what
the local are letting go by introducing the table.
II. Mining companies should have improved dialogue with
the members of the community to find out what the
community feels as important.
III. There is need for constant monitoring and evaluation
on the company’s commitment to safeguarding the
environment.
I.
OVERALL CONT.
IV. communities need to be sensitized on the environmental
impacts of the mines for them to be proactive and be able
to identify and act on any violations from the mining
company and not wait on government or the environment
agency to act.
V. They feel that other actions that need to be taken for
more benefits in terms social, economic and environmental
aspects towards the community is by expanding and
upgrading existing infrastructure like schools, hospital,
banks, shops, housing, road network to service the ever
increasing population.
VI. All operatives in the mine and thermal power plant
construction should be environmental friendly.
OVERALL CONT.
• The company has had some coverage by the media on
their CSR and on the controversies of the mine.
• Some of the stories have been on the coal power
station, the positive impact of CSR on the members of the
community and on the construction of their new smelter
and power plant.
• A statement made by the management on occupational
health and safety of the workers. This was a positive story
because it came from the company in protecting the
employees.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Seeing that CSR is not discretionary. There are no
tangible guidelines for firms on how to implement CSR
programmes in the country. It should therefore, be
considered that a policy on CSR should be in order for
the surrounding communities and the country at large to
feel benefits from foreign investments.
Promote knowledge and skills transfer to local workers to
increase their participation in the mining workforce. Mining
companies should be required to implement training for
the local residents in the surrounding communities.
RECOMMENDATIONS CONT.
In order to prevent potential conflict between foreign
workers and locals mining companies should start sharing
information on the labour market.
Best practices
• NFC African Mining Plc a fast growing mine with a new
shaft having been sunk in 2010 at the West Ore body has
improved the lives of people in Chambishi through CSR
interventions such as donation of sewing machines,
donation of heavy duty equipment to local authorities,
rehabilitation of roads and police cells, construction of
classroom blocks among others at a total cost of US
$596,400 for the period 2006 to date.
WAY FORWARD
• Advocacy
programmes
should be done to bring out
the importance of CSR
programmes and the impact
it might have on society and
if the beneficiaries are to
appreciate and accept such
undertakings.
• There is need to stir up
dialogue that brings mining
companies,
community
members,
CSO’s
and
government to the table to
discuss the specific ways in
which mining development
will impact citizens’ lives is
required.
POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS
• The possible implications for the BRICS here is that as they
invest in the country and the sector they will tend to emulate
what Nava Bharat is doing in terms of business responsibility.
• There is potential for this practice to be adopted by other
investors to the country. But there is also need for such
practices to also be heavily practiced by government.
• The government can work as a catalyst and play a crucial role
by viewing CSR and codes of conduct as cost-effective ways to
enhance development.
• Companies that are already leading by example like Nava
Bharat can spread the information on the spill over of CSR to
communities and show how valuable it is to implement CSR.
THE END
THANK YOU