APES Key Concepts
Questions 1-12 (Fall)
1.
Sketch a drawing that illustrates the concept of range of tolerance for a population of organisms.
2.
Sketch a generalized soil profile. Identify and describe each of the horizons.
3.
Diagram the nitrogen cycle. Explain how human activities impact the nitrogen cycle.
4.
Diagram the carbon cycle. Explain how human activities impact the carbon cycle. Outline the connections between global warming & the carbon
cycle.
5.
List and describe 7 ecosystem services.
6.
Produce a sketch that illustrates the major life zones in the ocean.
7.
Produce a sketch that illustrates the life zones in lake.
8.
Make a sketch of a population age-structure diagram. Explain how these diagrams can predict population growth.
9.
Sketch the demographic transition model. Label each of the 4 stages.
10.
Assume the population of the world is 7.0 billion and growing at a rate of 1.2% how long will it take for the population to double? If this growth
rate continues, what would the world’s population be in the year 2187?
11.
The country of Apesland has a crude birth rate of 55 and a crude death rate of 30, with equal distribution of males and females.
a) Calculate the percent growth rate. Show your work.
b) Assuming the growth rate stays constant, calculate the time in years for the population to double.
c) In which stage of the demographic transition model would you place Apesland?
d) Describe some of the likely living conditions in the country of Apesland.
d) Sketch a likely population age-structure diagram for this country.
e) Consider your answer for part b. Based on its stage in the demographic transition model, is this a realistic estimate of the doubling time for this
country? Explain.
12.
Beginning with Chapter 1, turn through the pages and review the major diagrams. Summarize in your mind the main points of each of the
graphics. No written response required.
1.
Lower limit
of tolerance
Few
organisms
Abundance of organisms
Few
organisms
No
organisms
Population Size
No
organisms
Upper limit
of tolerance
Zone of
intolerance
Low
Zone of
physiological stress
Optimum range
Temperature
Zone of
Zone of
intolerance
physiological stress
High
Fig. 3-11, p. 43
2.
Oak tree
Wood
sorrel
Lords and
ladies
Dog violet
Earthworm
Fern
Millipede
Honey
fungus
Mole
Grasses and Organic debris
small shrubs builds up
Moss and Rock
fragments
lichen
O horizon
Leaf litter
A horizon
Topsoil
Bedrock
B horizon
Subsoil
Immature soil
Regolith
Young soil
Pseudoscorpion
Mite
C horizon
Parent
material
Nematode
Root system
Mature soil
Red earth
Springtail
Fungus
mite
Bacteria
Actinomycetes
Fig. 3-21, p. 51
3.
Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)
in Atmosphere
Nitrogen
Fixation
by industry
for agriculture
Food Webs
on Land
Fertilizers
uptake by
autotroph
s
excretion, death,
decomposition
uptake by
autotroph
s
Nitrogen Fixation
bacteria convert N2 to
ammonia (NH3); this
dissolves to form
ammonium (NH4+)
NH3, NH4+
in Soil
loss by
leaching
Nitrogenous Wastes,
Remains in Soil
Ammonification
NO3–
in Soil
by bacteria
2. Nitrification
bacteria, fungi convert the
residues to NH3; this
dissolves to form NH4+
bacteria convert NO2–
to nitrate (NO3–)
1. Nitrification
NO2–
in Soil
bacteria convert NH4+
to nitrite (NO2–)
Denitrification
loss by
leaching
Fig. 3-27, p. 58
4.
5.
6.
7.
Littoral
8.
9.
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transitional
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
80
Relative population size
Birth rate and death rate
(number per 1,000 per year)
High
70
Birth rate
60
50
40
30
Death rate
20
10
0
Total population
Low
Increasing
Very high Decreasing
Low
Zero
Negative
Low
Growth rate over time
Fig. 7-11, p. 137
10. Population Calcs.
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Doubling time = 70/growth rate
Present pop = 7 billion, 1.2 % growth
70/1.2 = 58 years doubling time
Population in 218x = 3 doubling times
56 billion in 218x
11. Apesland
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55 birth, 30 death
A) % growth = 55-30 = 25/1000 = 2.5%
B) 70/2.5 = 28 yrs
C) Transitional
D) Like Mexico – improving health, cultural
traditions still exist
• E) Prediction is probably too high as growth
rate likely to decrease.
12.
• STUDY!
Questions 12-15 (Spring)
13.
Draw a simple outline/map the USA. Locate and label the top 6 hotspots on the map. Explain what a hotspot is. Also name and draw in the range of 2 major invasive species.
14.
Diagram the major steps in wastewater treatment. Include and label: primary, secondary, tertiary, mechanical, biological, chemical.
15.
Draw an oxygen sag curve for a stream exposed to pollution from oxygen demanding wastes. Label each of the zones.
16.
Draw and label a dose response curve that illustrates a non-threshold effect. Label the LD50.
17.
List (in order) the world’s 7 most deadly infectious diseases. Identify the pathogen associated with each.
18.
Calculate the yearly energy use in kWh of a gasoline-powered car that gets 20 mpg and travels 10,000 miles per year. A gallon of gasoline is equivalent to about 30 kWh. If an
electric car requires about 30 kWh to go 100 miles, how far could it go in a year on the same amount of energy? How much more efficient is the electric car than the gasoline car
(answer in percentage form). Show your work, box your answers and do not use a calculator.
19.
Draw a diagram that illustrates the greenhouse effect. Label each of the following: visible light, heat, earth’s surface, troposphere, greenhouse gasses, infrared radiation (heat), and
stratosphere. Add to the diagram at least 3 positive feedback loops that can occur in response to global warming. Distinguish between a positive feedback loop and a negative
feedback loop.
20.
Diagram the process of ocean acidification. Describe the connection between greenhouse gases, global warming and ocean acidification.
21.
Diagram the process of ozone depletion and its effects. Label: CFCs, stratosphere, ultraviolet radiation, biological damage. Also find a way to depict the role of the Montreal
Protocol.
22.
Identify the 4 environmental laws that you think are most important. Explain your reasoning.
23.
Create a table with the following 6 column headings: food production, water use, material goods, air quality, energy use, waste. In each column, list at least 5 significant and relevant
solutions to environmental problems associated with the column heading.
24.
Choose an important ecosystem service from your Semester 1 Key Concept Review. Create a diagram that clearly shows the role this service plays in supporting the ecosystem and
humans. Label the important aspects of your diagram.
25.
Beginning with Chapter 1, turn through the pages and review the major diagrams. Summarize in your mind the main points of each of the graphics. No written response required.
13.
14.
Mechanical
Biological
15.
Trash fish
Normal clean water organisms (carp, gar,
(trout, perch, bass,
Types of
leeches)
mayfly, stonefly)
organisms
Dissolved
oxygen
(ppm)
Fish absent,
fungi,
sludge
worms,
bacteria
(anaerobic)
Normal clean water organisms
(trout, perch, bass,
Trash fish
mayfly, stonefly)
(carp, gar,
leeches)
8 ppm
8 ppm
Biological
oxygen
demand
Clean Zone
Septic Zone
Clean Zone
Recovery
Zone
Decomposition
Zone
Fig. 11-24, p. 256
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17
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1) Pneumonia and flu
2) HIV
3) Malaria
4) Diarrheal diseases
5) TB
6) Hep B
7) Measels
18. Car Calculations
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10,000 mi ÷ 20 mpg = 500 gal of gas
500 gal x 30 kWh/gal = 15,000 kWh
15,000 kWh x 100 mi/30 kWh = 50,000 mi
The electric car is 500% as efficient as the
gasoline car.
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ESA 1973
Clean Air Act 1970
Clean Water Act 1972
Montreal Protocol 1987
Kyoto Protocol 1997
Superfund Law 1980
RCRA 1976
23
Food
Water
Materials
Air
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Eat less meat
Eat organic
Smaller farms
Intercropping
Terracing
No till
Educate
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No bottled
water
Fix leaks
Drought tolerant
plants
Drip irrigation
If its yellow let it
mellow
Educate
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Underground
mining
Nanotech
Reuse
Renewables
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Educate
Scrubbers
Don’t smoke
Reduce
Know the risks
Educate
(This is not a comprehensive list)
Energy
Waste
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Buy local
Bike
Solar
Lights off
Fluorescent and
LED
Subsidies
Educate
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Laws
Cradle to cradle
Educate
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• STUDY!