Responses to the Challenges brought about by Industrialization and Urbanization

 What problems did Progressive reformers hope to solve?
 What role did journalists and other writers play in the
Progressive Movement?
 How did the Progressives work to help the urban poor?
 How did the Progressive reformers change local and state governments?

 Began during T Roosevelt’s Administration.
 Ended in 1917 with the US entry into WWI.
 Spirit of Active Reform dominated national, state, and local politics.
 Wide range of issues
 Middle class city dwellers
 From the mid west and northeast.

 Why? Negative effects of industrialization .
 Social Darwinism
 Laissez Faire Economics
 Lack of competition: high prices
 Abuse of nation’s resources.
 Poor working conditions
 Poor living conditions
 Large gap between rich and poor.
 Rise of unions

 Immigration kept wages low/rise of nativism
 Mixed Response of Government
 Unresponsive to the impact of industrialization and urbanization.
 Courts did not support fair business practices
 corruption

 Increased power and influence of middle class.
 Educated class
 Progressives supported use of government power to bring about reform.
 Technology and science could improve the basic institutions of America: family, education, business and gov’t
 Strengthening capitalism and they were against the rising tide of socialism.
 By pass the political parties.

 The Muckrakers and reform
 Brought public attention to reform issues.
 Journalists, writers, photographers, and artists.
 Investigated and exposed corruption and injustice.
 Lincoln Steffens ( The Shame of the Cities ), Ida
Tarbell ( History of Standard Oil ), Upton Sinclair
( The Jungle movie trailer?), Jacob Riis ( How the
Other Half Lives )

 Poverty and living conditions
 Better living conditions through building codes
 Social Gospel
 Settlement Houses
 Jane Addams Hull House
 Henry Street Settlement: Lillian Wald
 Provided child care, education, social activities, and employment help.

 Peace Movement
 Addams and Wald
 Jeannette Rankin 1 st woman elected to congress
 Addams 1931 Noble Peace Prize

 Temperance and prohibition
 Began in the 1820s
 1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union.
 1920 18 th amendment

 Women’s Movement
 1848 Seneca Falls NY
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony were the radicals.
 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell were the moderates.
 1900s Carrie Chapmen Catt changes strategy.
 19 Amendment 1920

 Birth Control
 Margaret Sanger
 Planned Parenthood Federation
 Education for Women
 100,000 women in college by the 1900s.
 Rights for Jews
 Anti-Defamation League

 African Americans
 Lynchings
 Booker T Washington: vocational training
 Policy called accommodation
 W.E.B. DuBois: more radical than BTW
 Niagara Movement
 NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People
 Marcus Garvey: separatist
 Ida B. Wells: journalist

 1 st concentrated their efforts on local governments.
 Elect Progressive Mayors but also needed to change the way government ran.
 Popular in small and medium sized cities.
 City Commissioner Plan
 City manager Plan

 Many reforms during his administration.
 1 st of the Progressive Presidents (William
Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson).
 Youngest man to become president
 1901 William McKinley is assassinated
 Elected in 1904
 Used the power of the Presidency to deal with social and economic problems

 Transportation systems, water and sewage, sanitation, other utilities.
 Modernizing Police and Fire Departments.
 Constructing new government buildings.
 Building Libraries and museums

 Limited the control of state controlled boss politics.
 Limited powerful business interests.
 To protect gains at the local level reform was needed at the state and federal levels.
 Needed to increase citizen participation in government.

 Secret ballots
 Initiative
 Referendum
 Recall
 Direct primary
 Direct Election of Senators (1913) 17 th
Amendment.
 Role of third parties

 Wisconsin Model
 Robert M. La Follette
 Regulate railroads, lobbying, banking
 Civil service reforms
 Reform tax system
 Workmen’s compensation
 Factory inspections
 Teddy Roosevelt
 New State Tenement Commission

 Youngest President to take office
 1 st of three Progressive presidents(
William Howard Taft and Woodrow
Wilson)
 Stewardship: leading the nation in the public interest, like a supervisor or manager.
 Square Deal: many reforms during his administration

 Consumer Protection
 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act ( The Jungle )
 Regulation of Business
 Hepburn Act 1906 Regulation of Railroad rates. Strengthened the ICC. Also expanded power to include regulation of pipelines, ferries, bridges and terminals.

 Trust-busting Good and bad trusts.
 Northern Securities Case: Pacific Northwest
Railroads. Dissolved
 Beef Trust: Swift and Company v. the United States .
 Labor Reforms:
 The Anthracite Coal Strike: United Mine Workers.
 Employers’ Liability Act of 1906: provided accident insurance for interstate railroad workers. And in
Washington D.C.
 Working Hours: Lockner v. New York ( no limiting working hours)
 Muller v Oregon ( women working) 10 hour work day

 Roosevelt was a naturalist
 Influenced by Gifford Pinchot and John
Muir.
 Forest Reserve Act of 1891/US Forest
Service /150 Million Acres.
 National Reclamation Act of 1902

 1909 William Howard Taft is elected President.
 Twice as many lawsuits
 Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States.
 Rule of reason to the Sherman Antitrust Act
 Mann Elkins act of 1910/ICC/ control telephone and telegraph.
 Payne –Aldrich Act of 1909 raise tariffs

 Democrat 1912
 Competition in the marketplace through enforcement of antitrust laws.
 Underwood Tariff Act: lowered tariffs/Civil
War
 1913 16 th Amendment Graduated Income tax. 6% v 1%
 Federal Reserve System created.

 12 Districts, each with a Federal reserve
Bank.
 The Federal Government could now:
 Issue sound currency.
 Control the amt of money in circulation.
 Control interest rates.
 Shift money from one bank to another when needed.

 Rights of African Americans do not improve..
 Woodrow Wilson enact separate facilities for blacks in
Federal Government buildings.
 Jim Crows are still in existence ( Plessy v Ferguson ) separate but equal.
 Women are still treated like second class citizens.
 Unequal education still exists for all races
 Child labor.
 No minimum wage, no maximum work week,
 Prohibition….Organized Crime
 No anti-lynching laws

 Federal Trade Commission Act
 Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
 Price fixing
 Buying stock in competing companies.
 Addams Act of 1916 8 hour work day for workers on railroads and in interstate commerce.
 Federal Farm Loan Act 1916
 Keating – Owen Child Labor Act:
 Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. Hammer v
Dagenhart
 19 th Amendment 1920 women the right to vote.

Causes of the Progressive
Movement
Growth of industry
The Progressive Movement
Work of Muckrakers
Growth of cities
Political
•Direct election of
Senators.
•Party primaries.
•Votes for women.
Social
•Laws protecting
Workers.
•Settlement houses
•Birth control
•Child labor laws
•consumer protection laws
Economic
•Conservation of land and water.
•Regulation of business
•Lower tariffs
•Income tax
•Federal Reserve

Progressive Movement
Protect Social
Welfare
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• Meat Inspection Act
•
Conservation projects
• Settlement House
Movement
• Formation of NAACP
• Mandatory Education
Promote Moral
Development
• Temperance
• 18 th Amendment
•
Social Gospel Movement
Create Economic
Reform
•
Underwood tariff
• Federal Reserve System
• Clayton Antitrust Act
• Hepburn Act
• 16 th Amendment
•
Federal Trade Commission
• Regulate public utilities
Foster Efficiency
In Government
•
17 th &18 th Amendment
• Civil Service reform
•
Secret Ballot
• Direct Primaries
• Referendum
•
Recall
• City commission
• City manager

Progressive Pyramid
National
16-19
Amendments
Pure food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection Act
Underwood Tariff, Clayton
Antitrust Act
FTC, Federal Reserve Bank,
Hepburn Act, NAACP, Forest
Reserve Act
State
Secret Ballot, Initiative, referendum, recall, direct primaries, direct election of senators
Local
City Commission, city manager, regulation of public utilities, city beautification, settlement houses

Muckrakers: uncover corruption
Lincoln Steffens
The Shame of the Cities
Corrupt politicians
Upton Sinclair
The Jungle
Unhealthy conditions in the
Meat packing industry
Frank Norris
The Octopus
Corrupt railroad operators
& California Wheat farmers
Ida Tarbel
History of the Standard
Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller’s monopoly