Out-of-town shopping and its induced CO2-emissions
Abstract
Planning policies in several European countries have aimed at hindering the expansion of out-of-town
shopping centers. One argument for this is concern for the increase in transport and a resulting
increase in environmental externalities such as CO 2-emissions. This concern is weakly founded in
science as few studies have attempted to measure CO 2-emissions of shopping trips as a function of
the location of the shopping centers. In this paper we conduct a counter-factual analysis comparing
downtown, edge-of-town and out-of-town shopping. In this comparison we use GPS to track 250
consumers over a time-span of two months in a Swedish region. The GPS-data enters the Oguchi's
formula to obtain shopping trip-specific CO2-emissions. We find that consumers’ out-of-town shopping
would generate an excess of 60 per cent CO 2-emissions whereas downtown and edge-of-town
shopping centers are comparable.
Keywords: Car-specific CO2-emissions; Counter-factual; Dense network; GPS tracking; Regional
shopping centers
Which is about to appear in Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services.
Given time, I might also present:
An empirical test of the gravity p-median model
A customer is presumed to gravitate to a facility by the distance to it and the
attractiveness of it. However regarding the location of the facility, the presumption is
that the customer opts for the shortest route to the nearest facility.This paradox was
recently solved by the introduction of the gravity p-median model. The model is yet to
be implemented and tested empirically. We implemented the model in an empirical
problem of locating locksmiths, vehicle inspections, and retail stores ofv ehicle spareparts, and we compared the solutions with those of the p-median model. We found
the gravity p-median model to be of limited use for the problem of locating facilities as
it either gives solutions similar to the p-median model, or it gives unstable solutions
due to a non-concave objective function.
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VT 2013
Out-of-town shopping and
OKits induced COCancel
2emissions
by Kenneth Carling
2013-04-24
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