THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 9
1700 - 1900
Industrialism Begins

Industrialism



Before industrialism most people lived in small
farming villages


New economic system
Rely on machinery rather than animal and human
power
Began urbanization
Began in the “textile” industry

Woven cloth
Section I: The Beginnings of
Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain


New Ways of Working


Begins in the mid 1700s
The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made
goods
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way



Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences
Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned
by village farmers
Enclosures allow experimentation with new
agricultural methods
The Beginnings of
Industrialization

Rotating Crops


Crop rotation –
switching crops each
year to avoid soil
depletion
Selective Breeding –
Livestock breeders
allow only the best to
breed, improve the food
supply
Selective Breeding
Why did the IR begin in Britain?
 Britain
had all of the factors of
production
 Land,
labor, and capital
 Britain
had the necessary natural
resources
 Coal,
iron, rivers, harbors
 Expanding
economy encouraged
development
Inventions Spur Industrialization
 Changes
 Flying
in the Textile Industry
Shuttle (1733)
John Kay
 Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Inventions Spur Industrialization
(cont)
 Spinning
Jenny (1764)
James Hargreaves
 One spinner could work eight thread at a time

Inventions Spur Industrialization
(cont)
 Water
Frame (1769)
Richard Arkwright
 Machines could now be powered by water, not
just hand

Inventions Spur Industrialization
(cont)
 Power
Loom (1787)
Edmund Cartwright
 Sped up the weaving process

Inventions Spur Industrialization
 Changes
 Cotton
in the Textile Industry (cont)
Gin (1793)
Eli Whitney
 Multiplied the amount of cotton produced

 Development
of Factories
Buildings that contain machinery for
manufacturing
 First factories needed to be near rivers for
water power

The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney
The First Factories
Improvements in Transportation
 Steam

Need for cheap, convenient power


Steam becomes important source of energy
James Watt improves the steam engine
 Water




Transportation
First steamboat “Clermont”
Robert Fulton in 1807
 Road

Engine
Transportation
British roads are improved
Companies operate toll roads
Beginning of the railroad
James Watt
and the Steam Engine
Robert Fulton and the Clermont
The Railway Age Begins
 Railroad
Revolutionize Life
 The Railroad System
 Spurs
industrial growth
 Creates jobs
 Provides cheaper transportation
 Boosts many industries
 Causes people move to cities
The Railway Age Begins
 First
Railroad Line
 George
Stephenson (1825)
 Liverpool-Manchester
 Used
Line (1829)
Stephenson’s “Rocket”
 World’s best locomotive
II. Industrialization

Industrialization Changes Life

Factory Work



Pays more than farms
Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
Rise of Industrial Cities



Urbanization – movement of people to city
Population growth provides work force, markets for
goods
Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool,
Birmingham
The Working Class
 Living
Conditions
 Rapid Urbanization caused:
 Cities
without adequate housing,
education, and police protection
 Urban slums
 Disease and sickness spread quickly
 Life span is only 17 years
 Lack of sanitary & building codes
The Working Class

Working Conditions








Average workday – 14-16 hours
6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories
Numerous injuries and death
No health insurance
No labor laws
Eventually replaced by machines
Huge population means large unemployment
The Rise of the Middle Class
 The
Middle Class
 Factories
helped to create a new group of
people – the middle class
Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers,
managers, and professionals
 Had a comfortable standard of living

 Looked
down upon by aristocrats and
landowners
Positive Effects of the
Industrial Revolution

Immediate Benefits






Creates jobs
Enriches nation
Encourages technological progress
Education expands
Cheaper goods, including clothing
Long Term Effects



Improved standard of living
Improved working conditions
Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements
III. Industrialization Spreads

The Rise of Corporations
 Stock



Corporation



Limited ownership rights for company
Sold to raise money
Company owned by stockholders
Share profits not debts
Large corporations attempt to control as
much business as they can
The Impact of Industrialization

Rise of Global Inequality

Wealth gap between nations widens


Europe & US gain economic power
Non-industrialized nations fall further behind


Imperialism spreads



African and Asian countries lag
 Still based on agriculture
Need for raw materials and new markets
European nations & US exploit colonies for
resources
Transformation of Society

The Middle Class gains influence and power

Begins calls for reform
IV. Philosophers of
Industrialization

Laissez-faire Economics


Policy of not interfering with business
“The Wealth of Nations”




Published by Adam Smith
Defended free markets & laissez-faire
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws



Self-interest
Competition
Supply and Demand
The Economists of Capitalism

Capitalism


System of privately owned businesses seeking
profits
Malthus and Ricardo

Thomas Malthus



Believed populations grew faster than the food supply
Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and
poverty result
David Ricardo

Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap
labor
Malthus
Ricardo
Utilitarianism and Utopia

Utilitarianism



Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)
Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS
Mill)
Utopian Society



Established by Robert Owen
Community that improved worker conditions and
provided cheap housing
Located in New Harmony, Indiana
The Rise of Socialism
 Socialism
 Factors
of production owned by, operated
for the people
 Power
of the Government
 Government
control can end
Poverty
 Bring equality

Radical Socialism – Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto


Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Fundamental Beliefs

Society divided into warring classes


The “haves”


Employers or bourgeoisie
The “have-nots”


The “haves” vs. the “have-nots”
The workers or proletariat
Prediction

The workers will overthrow the owners
The Future According to Marx
 Capitalism
will destroy itself
 Inequality would cause workers to revolt
 This

would lead to communism
Society where people own and share the
means of production

What are the “means of production”?
 Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses
Labor Unions and Reform Laws

What is a union?


What do they do?


Negotiate for better wages and conditions
Who were the first to do this?


Association formed by laborers to work for change
Skilled workers are the first to unionize
How were they able to do this?

Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
 Reform
Laws
 Laws were passed to stop abuses of
industrialization
 Examples of reform laws
 Maximum
workday
 Ending or limiting of child labor
The Reform Movement Spreads
 Abolition
of Slavery
 Reformers
help to end slavery
In British Empire (1833)
 The Americas (1888)

 Fight
for Women’s Rights
 Pursuit
of economic and social rights as
early as 1848
 Founding of the International Council for
Women (1888)
Other Reforms
 Free
public education
 Established
in Europe by late 1800s
 Established in US by 1850s
 Prison
reform also sought
 Focus
on rehabilitation
Nineteenth Century Progress

Inventions and Inventors
Make Life Easier

Thomas Edison


Granted over 1,000 patents
from his research
Including the light bulb
Nineteenth Century Progress

Inventions and Inventors
Make Life Easier (cont)

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone
(1876)
Nineteenth Century Progress
 Inventions
and Inventors Make Life
Easier
 Guglielmo

Marconi
Invented the radio (1895)
Nineteenth Century Progress

Inventions and
Inventors Make Life
Easier

Karl Benz


Invented the
automobile in 1885
Henry Ford

Lowers the cost of the
automobile using the
assembly line
Nineteenth Century Progress

Inventions and
Inventors Make Life
Easier

The Wright Brothers

Develop the first
working airplane
Nineteenth Century Progress
 New
Ideas in Medicine
 Medical
research leads to
Development of vaccines
 Improvement in sanitation

 Louis

Pasteur
Discovered the bacteria cause disease
 Joseph
Lister
Links bacteria to surgical problems
 Begins the sterilization process of tools

Nineteenth Century Progress
 New
Ideas in Science
 Beginning

Archeology


study of people and societies
Anthropology


study of society through material remains
Sociology


of numerous branches:
study of the origin, the behavior, and development of
humans
Psychology

study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors
Nineteenth Century Progress
 New
Ideas in Science
 Charles

Theory of Evolution

Gradually over time species evolve
 Gregor

Darwin
Mendel
Discovers patterns to inherited traits

Begins the science of genetics
Nineteenth Century Progress

New Ideas in Science (cont)

John Dalton


Dmitri Mendeleev


Theorizes that all matter is made
of atoms
Creates Periodic Table of the
Elements
Marie and Pierre Curie


Discover radioactivity
Marie becomes the first woman
to win the Nobel Peace Prize
(Science)
Nineteenth Century Progress
 New
Ideas in Science (cont)
 Ivan

Pavlov
Human actions are unconscious reactions
 Sigmund

Freud
Studied the unconscious mind
Ivan Pavlov
Nineteenth Century Progress
 Development
 1800s
of Mass Culture
saw the creation of
Movie Theaters
 Professional Sports



Boxing
Baseball
THE
END