Consciousness:
Focus on Awareness
Consciousness
Our awareness of our own existence,
sensations, and cognitions
“Stream
of consciousness”
What function does consciousness
serve?
Consciousness
Normal consciousness
-different parts of brain activated
Altered states of consciousness
Sleeping
Dreaming
Hypnosis
Meditation
Drug induced
Other?
Culturally
based
Stages of Sleep
EEG-based
measurements
Stage 1
Hypnogogic
Stage
2
Sleep
spindles
Delta
waves
Stages
REM
3 and 4
(rapid eye
movement) sleep
Stages of Sleep
Sleep Deprivation
 2/3 adults are not getting enough
 Somniphobia-Fear of Sleeping
 Nomophobia
 REM rebound
 Alcohol and sleeping pills
 Effects
 Attention
drops
Sustained
 Physical
attention (sleepy drivers cause 100K+ crashes)
performance
Visual-motor
 Mood
 The body
tasks
suffers
Increased
 Decreased
sleep
cortisol
learning
4-11
days without sleep=craziness
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How
A)
1
B) 2
C) 5
D)6
many stages of sleep are there?
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How
A)
1
B) 2
C) 5
D)6
many stages of sleep are there?
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The Function of Sleep
Why
do we sleep?
Evolutionary
theory
Restorative theory
Facilitating learning
Dreaming
 What triggers particular
 Solving problems
 Why do we dream?
 Freud
 Wish fulfillment
 Manifest content
 Latent content
 Try not to dream about
dreams?
something
 Activation-synthesis hypothesis
 Editing neural connections
 Strengthening neural connections
 Goals and motivation (ex: stroke victims)
Manifest
content is to latent content as
________.
A) obvious is to symbolic
B) symbolic is to obvious
C) wish is to fulfillment
D) unconscious is to conscious
E) sexual is to aggressive
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Manifest
content is to latent content as
________.
A) obvious is to symbolic
B) symbolic is to obvious
C) wish is to fulfillment
D) unconscious is to conscious
E) sexual is to aggressive
“
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The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that
________.
A) dreams occur as a function of wish
fulfillment
B) dreams arise from random bursts of nerve
cell activity
C) there is no logical explanation for why
dreams occur
D) we only dream when we are dealing or
coping with threat in our life
E) dreams help to filter needless information
from the brain
“
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The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that
________.
A) dreams occur as a function of wish
fulfillment
B) dreams arise from random bursts of nerve
cell activity
C) there is no logical explanation for why
dreams occur
D) we only dream when we are dealing or
coping with threat in our life
E) dreams help to filter needless information
from the brain
“
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Sleep and the Brain
The
chemistry of sleep
Acetylcholine
Sleeping pills block
Melatonin
Circadian
wake-up neurotransmitters
rhythms
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus (registers changes in
light)
Cortisol cycle
24 or 25 hours?
Shift work (3 Mile Island)/planned naps
Your circadian rhythms impact (your)
________.
A) pulse rate
B) metabolism
C) blood pressure
D) hormone levels
E) all of the above
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Your circadian rhythms impact (your)
________.
A) pulse rate
B) metabolism
C) blood pressure
D) hormone levels
E) all of the above
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Troubled Sleep
Night
terrors
Nightmares
Narcolepsy
Insomnia
Sleep apnea
Which
two stages of sleep are referred
to collectively as "slow-wave sleep"?
A) Stages 2 and 3
B) Stages 3 and 4
C) Stages 1 and 2
D) Stage 4 and REM sleep
E) NREM and REM sleep
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Which
two stages of sleep are referred
to collectively as "slow-wave sleep"?
A) Stages 2 and 3
B) Stages 3 and 4
C) Stages 1 and 2
D) Stage 4 and REM sleep
E) NREM and REM sleep
“
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Hypnosis
Focused awareness on vivid, imagined
experiences and a decreased awareness
of the external environment-Mesmer
Hypnotic induction
Trance state
Generalized
Trance
logic
Posthypnotic
reality orientation fading
suggestion
Possession Trance
Night
terrors are most common for
which group?
A) young girls
B) young boys
C) adolescent girls
D) adolescent boys
E) young adults
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Night
terrors are most common for
which group?
A) young girls
B) young boys
C) adolescent girls
D) adolescent boys
E) young adults
“
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Hypnosis Theories
Trance theory
Sociocognitive theory
Evidence from neuroimaging--seeing
Hypnosis as a tool for…
Anxiety
Compulsive
Asthma
Stress
Pain relief
Possession
habits
Trance
colors
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Meditation
Religious
Types
traditions
Concentrative
meditation
Opening-up meditation
Mindfulness meditation
Benefits
Reduced
Meditation
tension and anxiety
Decreased stress
Decreased blood pressure
Increased ability to fight infection
Meditation
versus relaxation
Biology of meditation
________
is an altered state of
consciousness in which there is a focused
awareness on vivid, imagined
experiences and decreased awareness of
one's external environment.
A) Meditation
B) Trance logic
C) Absorption
D) Hypnosis
E) Hypnotic induction
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________
is an altered state of
consciousness in which there is a focused
awareness on vivid, imagined
experiences and decreased awareness of
one's external environment.
A) Meditation
B) Trance logic
C) Absorption
D) Hypnosis
E) Hypnotic induction
“
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All of the following are types of
meditation EXCEPT:
B)
mandalian meditation
C) concentrative meditation
D) opening-up meditation
E) mindfulness meditation
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All of the following are types of
meditation EXCEPT:
B)
mandalian meditation
C) concentrative meditation
D) opening-up meditation
E) mindfulness meditation
“
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Drugs and Alcohol
Substance
abuse
Substance
dependence
Pattern
of use leading to distress or
difficulty functioning in major life areas
Use in dangerous situations
Legal difficulties
Tolerance
Withdrawal
a. Tolerance—the condition, resulting from repeated use, in which the same amount
of a substance produces a diminished effect.
b. Withdrawal—cessation of the use of a substance. Withdrawal symptoms are the
uncomfortable or life-threatening effects that may be experienced during withdrawal.
c. Larger amounts of substance taken over more time than intended.
d. Unsuccessful efforts or a persistent desire to decrease or control the substance use.
e. Much time is spent in obtaining the substance, using it, or recovering from its
effects.
f. Important work, social, or recreational activities are given up as a result of the
substance.
g. Despite knowledge of recurrent or ongoing physical or psychological problems
caused or exacerbated by the substance, substance use continues.
“
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Psychoactive Substances
 Depressants
 Alcohol,
barbiturates
 Stimulants
 Cocaine,
amphetamines
Speed,
 Narcotic
 Heroin
ecstasy
analgesics
 Hallucinogens
 LSD,
marijuana
Trips
and flashbacks
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Biological
Releases
effects
serotonin and prevents reuptake
Damages serotonin receptors
Psychological
Increased
effects
awareness and pleasure
May cause depression
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60%
Depressants: Alcohol
of American adults drink alcohol
8%
have alcohol abuse or dependence
Biological
effects
Depressant
Disinhibition
Hangover
Psychological
Inhibitory
effects
conflict
Alcohol myopia
Sexual aggression
Blackouts
Disinhibition is best described as:
A) the inability to prevent a response
B) the increased ability to exhibit a response
C) the failure to exhibit an appropriate
response
D) exhibiting a response incongruent with
what is expected
E) the ability to prevent a response from
occurring
“
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Disinhibition is best described as:
A) the inability to prevent a response
B) the increased ability to exhibit a response
C) the failure to exhibit an appropriate
response
D) exhibiting a response incongruent with
what is expected
E) the ability to prevent a response from
occurring
“
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Stimulants: Cocaine-analgesic
Crack
Euphoria -> Crash
Decreases other pleasures
Other
stimulants
Amphetamines
MDMA
Caffeine
Nicotine
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High doses of what drug may
cause the sufferer to exhibit
symptoms similar to that of a
paranoid schizophrenic?
A)
alcohol
B) valium
C) "downers"
D) amphetamines
E) narcotics
“
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High doses of what drug may
cause the sufferer to exhibit
symptoms similar to that of a
paranoid schizophrenic?
A)
alcohol
B) valium
C) "downers"
D) amphetamines
E) narcotics
“
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Narcotic Analgesics: Heroin
Biological
CNS
effects
depressant
Psychological
effects
Strongly addictive
Pain relief
Relaxation and euphoria
Severe withdrawal
Other opiates
Morphine,
symptoms
codeine, Vicodin, Oxycodone
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Hallucinogens: Marijuana
Most commonly used
Biological effects
hallucinogen in U.S.
Cannabinoid receptors
Appetite, memory, pain
Psychological
effects
Dependent on mood
Euphoria, drowsiness,
Medical
marijuana
Glaucoma
Chemotherapy
anxiety, panic
All
of the following illustrate the major criteria
for substance abuse EXCEPT:
A) Staying at the bar after work and failing to
show up to your child's birthday as a result.
B) Drinking at social events even though you
normally do not drink.
C) Spending the night in jail for public
intoxication.
D) Calling in sick at work to spend the day
doing drugs.
E) All of the above
“
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All
of the following illustrate the major criteria
for substance abuse EXCEPT:
A) Staying at the bar after work and failing to
show up to your child's birthday as a result.
B) Drinking at social events even though you
normally do not drink.
C) Spending the night in jail for public
intoxication.
D) Calling in sick at work to spend the day
doing drugs.
E) All of the above
“
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Marijuana happens to classified
as a(n) ________.
A)
narcotic
B) analgesic
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant
E) depressant
“
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Marijuana happens to classified
as a(n) ________.
A)
narcotic
B) analgesic
C) hallucinogen
D) stimulant
E) depressant
“
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