Self-management skills
“the ability to make wise choises to achieve a fruitful and joyous life”
Self-management skills
What do we mean by self-management?:
• It combines the two words management and self.
• Management deals with motivation, planning, goal-setting,
calculating resources, controlling, regulation etc. according to a
task.
• Self has a double meaning: the self as autonomous actor or
manager (not somebody else outside) and as the target of the
management.
Self-management skills
What do we mean by self-management?:
• Theoretical roots can be found in the self-management-therapy
(Kanfer) focusing on patients autonomy by supporting their potential
of self-regulation in the context of a chronic disease.
• Cognitive psychology (e.g. Bandura) and especially action theory
(Heckhausen, Gollwitzer) build up the theoretical and empirical
ground for the important aspects of self-management (e.g. volition,
meta-cognition, cognitive learning strategies etc.).
Self-management skills
What do we mean by self-management?:
Currently there’s no homogenous definition of self-management and self-management
skills. Some foci can be worked out:
• strategic technique for efficient and successful
planning and self-regulation
• gaining autonomy (link to empowerment)
• integrated self-actualization (link to identity)
We propose the following working definition:
Self-management skills are skills on which we decide ourselves to facilitate the
awareness, realization and maintaining of our goals, that are important for our self.
Self-management skills
Self-management, personal and social skills
Self-management skills use the other skills (personal, social) as
resources and combines them in a strategic way in the action process
for the own needs and goals.
Self-regulation, self-control,
time-management etc. can be seen as
integrative components of
self-management
Self-control vs. self-regulation
Self-management skills
Self-management skills and Lifelong Learning
In the special context of learning the current scientific strategies for
learning overlap with the general self-management skills focusing on
learning goals and technical aspects.
For Lifelong Learning, the additional aspects of autonomous selfregulated learning in combination with self-actualization in the
sense of our working definition has a great importance.
The awareness of the own skills for realizing a learning project and for
reaching a learning goal are leading to the perceived self-efficacy,
which is essential for the motivation and volition to start an own
Lifelong Learning project.
Self-management skills
Important steps of self management
Self-management skills are crucial for successfully planning and
implementing activities. Each activity – wittingly or unwittingly –
is based on a sequence of cognitive and active steps
setting goals
calculating ressources & barriers
effective planing of workprocess
realisation step by step
keeping motivational balance
Self-management skills
With regard to learning processes, the following steps can be distinguished:
setting goals
•
•
•
The individual must decide on an own specific learning goal.
The predominant goal may for example be earning one’s living, attaining a
higher standard of living or a higher level of education.
What is now needed is to define interim goals en route to the higher-level goal,
which in turn requires additional cognitive and active processes to be performed.
E.g. defining goals with SMART (Doran, 1981)
Specific to target group:
Important to identify and set their own goal which is realistic and coherent to their
identity.
Self-management skills
SMART (Doran, 1981)
Letter Major Term
S
Specific
A specific goal will usually answer the five "W" questions
M
Measurable
A measurable goal will usually answer questions such as:
How much? How many? How will I know when it is accomplished?
A
Attainable
How: How can the goal be accomplished?
R
Relevant
Does this seem worthwhile? Is this the right time?
Does this match our other efforts/needs? Are you the right person?
T
Timely
When? What can I do 6 weeks from now?
What can I do today?
E
Evaluate
R
Reevaluate
Self-management skills
setting goals
calculating ressources & barriers
Calculating resources and barriers:
• The individual has to weigh up resources such as time, money, social support
and resolve practical problems such as childcare during a training course,
reaching the event venue, and suchlike.
• Weighing up resources and barriers can also influence the motivation and which
goals are chosen (e.g. list of pro’s and contra’s).
Specific to target group:
It is important to analyse the resources and barriers, to focus on supporting
resources and to be realistic about barriers. Solution can be found in group
discussions to overcome barriers.
Self-management skills
setting goals
calculating ressources & barriers
effective planing of workprocess
Effective planning of the project:
The individual develops a sort of work plan as well as a realistic timetable
having regard to the resources available and the existing barriers.
A lot of planning tools and checklist are available (e.g. the 5 “W” questions)
They have to be adapted to the situation of the target group, to be not to technical
or complex.
Self-management skills
A specific goal will usually answer the five "W" questions:
What:
What do I want to accomplish?
Why: Specific reasons, purpose or benefits of accomplishing the goal.
Who: Who is involved?
Where:
Identify a location.
Which:
Identify requirements and constraints.
Self-management skills
calculating ressources & barriers
effective planing of workprocess
realisation step by step
Step-by-step implementation:
• The planned steps of the activity now have to be successfully implemented in the
correct sequence. Resources have to be mobilised, obstacles overcome and
timetables and deadlines adhered to.
• In the process, further obstacles and questions may surface which were not
previously discernible or had not been taken into consideration. The individual
must respond flexibly to these new circumstances when selecting techniques
and using resources so as to achieve his interim goals.
Unforeseen problems are the most critical situations for the target group.
They have to prepare for such situations. At this point, a group situation is
important to support a person with ideas and help in the context of a seminar.
Self-management skills
effective planing of workprocess
realisation step by step
keeping motivational balance
Maintaining motivation:
•
Putting the steps the activity entails into practice may take some time and
require unforeseen obstacles to be surmounted. To achieve this, the individual
requires patience and stamina as well as constant motivation.
This part refers to the personal emotion regulation skills and self-control. In
the context of self-management skills it is important to be prepared for the situation
of low motivation, unforeseen barriers and disappointments. Solutions to cope with
loosing motivation in the process can be discussed in forefront.
Self-management skills
Remarks on self-management-skills training
According to the cognitive paradigm, self-management focus very much on analytic
and self-reflecting aspects.
People, who are more impulsive or not used to deliberating on everything should be
introduced to it in a playful way, step by step and in a group situation. Self-reflection
can be learned best in group discussions.
Thinking about pros and contras as well as about supportive resources and critical
barriers can be learned in a first step, if this later “internal” discussion is externalized
in a training with persons playing the role of the pros and contras.
Training tasks for goal setting and planning to reach the goal should be important to
and achievable for the participants.
Self-management skills
How to incorporate the reflective part of self-management skill in learning processes
Some examples:
Journaling:
Discussions:
Role-play:
Personal reflection:
Peer assessment:
Self-assessment:
Debates:
keeping a journal can aid planning, goal-setting, and keeping track of
accomplishments
talking about accomplishments, difficulties and achievements can be a way
to develop self-management-skills
the opportunity to practice new skills in a safe environment can provide
confidence to use new skills in a public setting
thinking about accomplishments is a valuable tool for self-assessment, also
for goal planning. There should be enough time set aside for reflection of
achievements
it might be easier to accept constructive criticism from people who we
accept as peers rather than an authority.
it is important to acknowledge our own achievements and difficulties
formalized discussions provide opportunities to offer and take constructive
criticism
Self-management skills
Combining social, personal and self-management skills,
we are able to achieve our goals!