Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 13
McGonigle
Essay- Maslow
• Trace the 5 stages of Maslow’s Theory for
a castaway on a desert island. How would
they manifest themselves from the first
days on the island to the hopeful rescue.
• You may answer this question in bullet
form or in paragraph form. ( 20 points)
Sensation Seekers
• Discuss in 2-3 sentences the thrill of riding
on a rollercoaster like Superman. Take
someone through the whole ride from
being strapped in to finishing the ride at
the end? What was the scariest part? Why
did you like it so much?
What motivated you to do these
things???
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Brush your teeth
Wash/comb your hair
Use deodorant
Have breakfast
Sleep late/ Get up early
Call a friend/ Go on Facebook
Go out w/ friends/ stay in w/ friends..
Motive
• Stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways
designed to accomplish a specific goal..
• How are motives discussed in criminology?
• What motives are you dealing with right now?
( 90 average, plans for the prom, etc.)
Needs and Drives
• Need – condition in which we require
something that we lack.
• We have biological & psychological needs.
• In September, we discussed Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs.
Drive
• Defined as the forces that motivate an organism
to take action.
• The longer we are deprived of something such
as food or water, the stronger our drive becomes
to get them.
• How would you describe a person that is
“driven”?
Diets
• List & Describe all the fad diets that have
been introduced to the public over the last
15-20 years.
• Describe why they were successful?
• Describe why they were not successful?
Instinct Theory
• An instinct is a behavior pattern that is
genetically transmitted from generation to
generation.
• These are sometimes called fixed action
patterns. ( Animals acquire instincts to survive)
• McDougall & James – argue that people have
instincts that foster survival and social behavior.
Drive Reduction Theory
• Clark Hull – This is based on learning as well as
motivation.
• We experience a drive arising from a need as an
unpleasant tension.
• Will do whatever necessary to eliminate tension,
such as eating to reduce hunger drive. ( can be
money as well)
Homeostasis
• Tendency to maintain a state of equilibrium in
the body is called homeostasis.
• It works like a thermostat, a cold room will heat
up until it is comfortable.
• People will eat until they are no longer hungry,
etc.
Humanistic Approach
• Instinct Theory & Drive Reduction are
simply mechanical- directed toward
surviving.
• Humanists- people are motivated by the
conscious desire for personal growth and
artistic fulfillment.
Humanism (Cont’d)
• Some artists – may seek artistic goals
even when they are unable to afford food
or may have to give up comfort & security.
• Socrates – famous Greek philosopher,
was always reminded by his students that
he had to eat, take care of himself, etc.
Sociocultural Theory
• Cultural experiences and factors influence the
behavior that people use to satisfy those drives.
• Curry
• Haggis
• Kelp
• Tacos
• Scones
Pineapple - match these with their culture!
Hunger Drive- Role of the Mouth
• It takes time for the body to digest food & for the
nutrients in the food to enter the bloodstream.
• Chewing & Swallowing – lets the body know that
its hunger drive is being satisfied.
• Why does gum chewing often cause stomach
aches? What is the medical name for chewing?
Role of the Stomach
• When a person is hungry- his/her stomach
will contract. (hunger pangs)
• However the stomach will contract at other
times as well.
• Hunger pangs – play a role in hunger, but
are not the main factor in signaling hunger.
Hypothalamus
• Level of sugar in the blood and the
hypothalamus are key influences on feelings of
hunger.
• When one hasn’t eaten for a while, the blood
sugar drops- this is then communicated to the
hypothalamus.
• Don’t skip breakfast – causes low blood sugar!!
Lateral Hypothalamus
• Start eating center
• If activated, a subject will begin to eat,
even if it just finished a meal.
• If deactivated, a subject could eventually
die of starvation.
VMH- Ventromedial Hypothalamus
• Underside of the Lateral Hypothalamus
• “Stop Eating” Center
• Electrically stimulated- one will stop eating
• When destroyed- one will eat several times their
weight. ( picture on 304)
Psychological Influences of Hunger
• Learning that certain amounts of food will bring
well being & relaxation can cause people to eat
when they are upset.
• Eating sweets or drinking alcohol can be a
defense mechanism against stress at times. ( be
careful of these influences)
• Also sheer boredom can lead one to eat when
they are not hungry. ( midnight snacking!!!)
Obesity
• More than 50% off people in the US are officially
overweight.
• 18% of Americans are known as obese- they
weigh more than 30% of their recommended
weight.
• Obese people suffer from: heart disease, stroke,
gall bladder disease, gout, respiratory problems,
even cancer!
Losing Weight= Sound Diet
• Sound diet is sensible, realistic + well planned.
• Fad diets are not smart – eliminating carbs,
fasting, drinking water or eating just 1 food.
• Improve nutritional knowledge, exercise and
substitute healthy foods for unhealthy foods.
Causes of Obesity
• Does run in families- though not necessarily
inherited.
• Obese parents – set a poor example & have
fattening food in the house at all times.
• Heredity can play a part- genes determine the
number of fat cells that a person has.
Metabolism
• People burn calories at different rates + in
accordance with the muscle tissue + fat in
their bodies.
• People w/ more body fat metabolize food
more slowly than people who have a low
% of body fat.
Stimulus Motives
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Include:
Sensory stimulation ( TV & movies)
Activity (sports)
Exploration
Manipulation of the environment
Sensory Deprivation
• Students – blindfolded & arms were bandaged so they
could not touch, could only hear a dull hum of air
conditioner.
• ( absence of stimulation)
• As hours pass- students became more + more
uncomfortable. ( some reported hallucinations)
• Most recall this as an extremely terrible experiment filled
with boredom and disorientation. What does this teach
us?
Sensation Seekers
• Many people seek very active lifestyles, they are
more happy when mountain biking, throwing a
ball around, hiking or kayaking?
• Others are more happy sitting & relaxing in front
of a television.
• Why do people seek sensations on things like
roller coasters, bungee jumping, skydiving?
Exploration & Manipulation
• New surroundings can be frightening, eventually
we will explore this new territory to learn more
about it. (like a cat)
• Novel Stimulation- animals such as laboratory
rats or chimpanzees look for new experiences
and unfamiliar parts of mazes rather than the
familiar to obtain goals. (Busy Boxes- infants)
Achievement Motivation
• People who are driven to get ahead, tackle
challenging situations, & meet high personal
standards of success.
• Will spend extra time on difficult test items until
they find an answer or run out of time. (Ft.
Sumter project)
• May strive to move ahead in their careers & set
challenging goals for themselves.
Performance Goals
• Specific Goals such as gaining admission
to college, earning approval of
parents/teachers.
• For some performance goals may be the
reason for their achievement motivation.
Learning Goals
• Learning for learning’s sake is the most
important motivator.
• Learning goals are usually satisfied by intrinsic
rewards such as self-satisfaction.
• Performance goals are more driven by extrinsic
rewards like good grades, high salary, etc.
Development of Achievement
Motivation
• Parents encourage:
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Persistence
Enjoy schoolwork
Find own ways to solve problems
Opportunities to new & stimulating
experiences
Cognitive Consistency
• People seek to behave & think in ways that fit
how they believe & how others expect them to
behave & think.
• Liberal person would not support a conservative
candidate.
• They prefer that the pieces of their lives fit
together. Seek out friends with similar values.
Balance Theory
• People need to organize their perceptions,
opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious
manner.
• Balance- by holding consistent views and
by being w/ people who share their beliefs
and values. (sense of all is well)
Imbalance
• When someone we care about disagrees
with us. (an uncomfortable state of
imbalance arises)
• We may try to persuade the person to
change his/her attitude or we may change
our feelings about that person.
Nonbalance
• This occurs when we dislike someone or
feel neither way about them.
• Their attitudes are not of much interest to
us.
• We are not greatly affected by the
disharmony between us. ( indifference)
Cognitive Dissonance
• This occurs when our thoughts are inconsistent
with our behavior.
• Cognition = thought
• Dissonance = inconsistent
• This causes an inner tension that can be
uncomfortable.
Affiliation
• Humans are social beings- have a need to be with other
people
• The desire to join w/others and be part of something
larger than oneself is called affiliation.
• During adolescence= motive for affiliation is very strong.
• Affiliation Motivation – Helps keep families, groups,
countries together.
Schacter Experiment -1959
• Similar to Milgram – Electric shocks
• 2 groups- 1 given heavy shock, 1 given light
shock
• Heavy shock group- waits together w/ each
other – 63%
• Light shock- only 33% waited w/other
participants.