Lectures 11-12.
Development in Asia: Is
the World Centre Moving
to Eastward?
The first predictions of Asian crisis
• Krugman P. The Myth of Asia's
Miracle. – Foreign Affairs, 1994, N 6,
November-December.
• UNCTAD. Trade and Development
Report 1996, Part 2, chapters I – III,
esp. pp. 102-103.
Japanese structure
Keretsu
(mainly outward-looking)
Daughtercompanies
Small
firms
Small
firms
Korean structure
Outward-looking corporations
Daughtercompanies
Small
firms
Small
firms
Inward-looking firms
• (Backward in technologies)
The East Asian model of associateddependent development
Outward-looking economy
Competition at the world
market
Necessity to supply new goods and
to renovate assortment of goods
Ability to elaborate novelties
Scientific research and technological
capacities
Expenditures for R&D (as percentage of GDP) in
OECD (average) and some East Asian countries,
1995-1996
3.50
2.90
3.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.13
1.00
0.50
0.34
0.22
0.00
OECD Countries
Singapore
Malaysia
Thailand
South Korea
Expenditures for R&D (as percentage of GDP) in
some OECD and East Asian countries, 2005-2008
4.00
3.47
3.50
3.47
3.60
3.00
3.00
2.50
2.29
1.90
2.00
1.50
0.90
1.00
0.50
0.00
OECD in
average
EU-15
Finland
Korea
Sweden
Singapore
Malaysia
The problem of creativity
• Ng Aik Kwang. Why Asians Are Less Creative
Than Westerners. Singapore: Prentice Hall, 2001:
• A ‘cognitive conservatism’:
• “a constellation of attributes, which leads the person
to adopt a passive, uncritical and uncreative
orientation to learning and to hold fatalistic,
superstitious and stereotypical beliefs; as well as to
be authoritarian, dogmatic and conformist.” (P. 65)
• +
• The lack of “individually-oriented achievement
motivation” (Ibid., p. 113)