Step Up To:
Discovering Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 4e
Worth Publishers (2007)
Chapter 1:
Introduction and Research Methods
Observe & Describe
Perspectives & Specialties
Early Beginnings
Test It Out
Ethics & Applications
Early Beginnings
500
400
300
200
100
Perspectives &
Specialties
500
400
300
200
100
Observe & Describe
500
400
300
200
100
Test It Out
500
400
300
200
100
Ethics & Applications
500
400
300
200
100
1. Wilhelm Wundt is known as:
• A) the founder of psychology as an
experimental science.
• B) the founder of functionalism.
• C) the founder of structuralism.
• D) the author of Principles of
Psychology, the leading psychology
textbook.
2. In ____, the first school of psychology,
conscious processes could be broken
down into sensations and feelings by
using introspection.
•
•
•
•
A) Behaviorism
B) Functionalism
C) Structuralism
D) Psychoanalysis
3. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov shared
enthusiasm in the approach called:
•
•
•
•
A) Psychoanalysis.
B) Behaviorism.
C) Functionalism.
D) Structuralism.
4. ____ emphasized unconscious
processes, while ____ stressed
learned behavior.
•
•
•
•
A) Structuralism; Functionalism
B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism
C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism
D) Humanism; Behaviorism
5. B.F. Skinner is to ____, as Carl Rogers is
to ____.
•
•
•
•
A) underlying conflicts; free will
B) behaviorism; functionalism
C) externally shaped; free will
D) conscious experiences;
unconscious processes
6. The ____ perspective focuses on the role
of thinking, memory and perception on
behavior.
•
•
•
•
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive
7. Dr. Brown theorized that men were more
aggressive because it assured that the
strongest men would produce more
offspring. He was looking at behavior from
the ___ perspective.
•
•
•
•
A) humanistic
B) biological
C) evolutionary
D) social
8. While both have doctoral degrees,
the ____ emphasizes psychotherapy
and testing, while the ____ emphasizes
medication and electroshock.
• A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist
• B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist
• C) counseling psychologist; clinical
psychologist
• D) cognitive psychologist; biological
psychologist
9. People exert less effort on a task when
they are part of a group than when they are
working alone. This may be true in America
but not in China, according to ____.
•
•
•
•
A) evolutionary psychology
B) cross-cultural psychology
C) personality psychology
D) humanistic psychology
10. According to studies, most
psychologists have the specialty area of
____ and are employed at ____.
•
•
•
•
A) educational; universities
B) counseling; universities
C) developmental; schools
D) clinical; self-employment
11. A mistaken belief that two factors
or events are related when they are not
is called:
•
•
•
•
A) the rule of falsifiability.
B) pseudoscience.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) paranormal phenomena.
12. Dr. Brennan wanted to study the
behavior of children on the playground. It
is likely he would want to use:
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation.
B) case studies.
C) surveys.
D) a control group.
13. When everybody has an equal
chance of being included in a study,
this is called:
•
•
•
•
A) a representative sample.
B) a survey.
C) random selection.
D) reliability.
14. If results of research are not likely
to have occurred by chance, we say the
results are:
•
•
•
•
A) an illusory correlation.
B) descriptive.
C) valid.
D) statistically significant.
15. Which of the following correlation
coefficients reflects the strongest
correlation?
•
•
•
•
A) +.10
B) -.64
C) +.35
D) -.10
16. In order to prove a cause-andeffect relationship, we must use:
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation.
B) human subjects.
C) the rule of falsifiability.
D) the experimental method.
17. In an experiment, the group of
participants who are exposed to the
treatment of interest is the:
•
•
•
•
A) control group.
B) independent group.
C) treatment group.
D) experimental group.
18. Anderson and Dill (2000) investigated the
effects of playing violent video games on
aggressive behavior. In this study, aggressive
behavior would be the:
•
•
•
•
A) dependent variable.
B) independent variable.
C) control condition.
D) experimental condition.
19. In their study, Anderson and Dill exposed half
the subjects to a violent video game and half of
them to a non-violent video game for
comparison. Those playing the non-violent game
were in the:
•
•
•
•
A) random assignment group.
B) experimental group.
C) placebo control group.
D) low-aggression experimental
group.
20. A study in which neither the participants
nor the researcher interacting with them are
aware of the condition to which the subjects
have been assigned is called:
•
•
•
•
A) expectancy effects.
B) a double-blind study.
C) placebo effects.
D) random assignment.
21. The branch of psychology that focuses
on the study of the behavior of nonhuman
animals is called:
•
•
•
•
A) comparative psychology.
B) clinical psychology.
C) biological psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.
22. Psychological research with animal
subjects is governed by an ethical code
developed by the:
•
•
•
•
A) ASPCA.
B) APA.
C) AMA.
D) Audubon Society.
23. If you wanted to study how tobacco causes
cancer, you should use:
• A) the experimental method with
human subjects.
• B) a survey of cancer patients.
• C) case studies of smokers.
• D) the experimental method with
animal subjects.
24: Which of the following is NOT a key provision
in the 2002 APA ethical principles regulating
research with human participants?
• A) Never deceive the subject.
• B) Never disclose personal information
about the subject.
• C) Always obtain informed consent to
participate.
• D) Always debrief the participants after they
have participated.
25. Personal stories told to confirm or
support a particular claim are often
misleading and are called:
•
•
•
•
A) illusory correlations.
B) placebo effects.
C) anecdotal evidence.
D) pseudoscience.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Wilhelm Wundt is known as:
• A) the founder of psychology as an
experimental science.
• B) the founder of functionalism.
• C) the founder of structuralism.
• D) the author of Principles of
Psychology, the leading psychology
textbook.
4
2. In ____, the first school of psychology,
conscious processes could be broken
down into sensations and feelings by
using introspection.
•
•
•
•
A) Behaviorism
B) Functionalism
C) Structuralism
D) Psychoanalysis
4
3. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov shared
enthusiasm in the approach called:
•
•
•
•
A) Psychoanalysis.
B) Behaviorism.
C) Functionalism.
D) Structuralism.
7
4. ____ emphasized unconscious
processes, while ____ stressed
learned behavior.
•
•
•
•
A) Structuralism; Functionalism
B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism
C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism
D) Humanism; Behaviorism
8
5. B.F. Skinner is to ____, as Carl Rogers is
to ____.
•
•
•
•
A) underlying conflicts; free will
B) behaviorism; functionalism
C) externally shaped; free will
D) conscious experiences;
unconscious processes
8
6. The ____ perspective focuses on the role
of thinking, memory and perception on
behavior.
•
•
•
•
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive
10
7. Dr. Brown theorized that men were more
aggressive because it assured that the
strongest men would produce more
offspring. He was looking at behavior from
the ___ perspective.
•
•
•
•
A) humanistic
B) biological
C) evolutionary
D) social
11
8. While both have doctoral degrees,
the ____ emphasizes psychotherapy
and testing, while the ____ emphasizes
medication and electroshock.
• A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist
• B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist
• C) counseling psychologist; clinical
psychologist
• D) cognitive psychologist; biological
psychologist
14
9. People exert less effort on a task when
they are part of a group than when they are
working alone. This may be true in America
but not in China, according to ____.
•
•
•
•
A) evolutionary psychology
B) cross-cultural psychology
C) personality psychology
D) humanistic psychology
12
10. According to studies, most
psychologists have the specialty area of
____ and are employed at ____.
•
•
•
•
A) educational; universities
B) counseling; universities
C) developmental; schools
D) clinical; self-employment
13
11. A mistaken belief that two factors
or events are related when they are not
is called:
•
•
•
•
A) the rule of falsifiability.
B) pseudoscience.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) paranormal phenomena.
20
12. Dr. Brennan wanted to study the
behavior of children on the playground. It
is likely he would want to use:
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation.
B) case studies.
C) surveys.
D) a control group.
19
13. When everybody has an equal
chance of being included in a study,
this is called:
•
•
•
•
A) a representative sample.
B) a survey.
C) random selection.
D) reliability.
22
14. If results of research are not likely
to have occurred by chance, we say the
results are:
•
•
•
•
A) an illusory correlation.
B) descriptive.
C) valid.
D) statistically significant.
16
15. Which of the following correlation
coefficients reflect the strongest
correlation?
•
•
•
•
A) +.10
B) -.64
C) +.35
D) -.10
23
16. In order to prove a cause-andeffect relationship, we must use:
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation.
B) human subjects.
C) the rule of falsifiability.
D) the experimental method.
25
17. In an experiment, the group of
participants who are exposed to the
treatment of interest is the:
•
•
•
•
A) control group.
B) independent group.
C) treatment group.
D) experimental group.
27
18. Anderson and Dill (2000) investigated the
effects of playing violent video games on
aggressive behavior. In this study, aggressive
behavior would be the:
•
•
•
•
A) dependent variable.
B) independent variable.
C) control condition.
D) experimental condition.
25
19. In their study, Anderson and Dill exposed half
the subjects to a violent video game and half of
them to a non-violent video game for
comparison. Those playing the non-violent game
were in the:
•
•
•
•
A) random assignment group.
B) experimental group.
C) placebo control group.
D) low-aggression experimental
group.
29
20. A study in which neither the participants
nor the researcher interacting with them are
aware of the condition to which the subjects
have been assigned is called:
•
•
•
•
A) expectancy effects.
B) a double-blind study.
C) placebo effects.
D) random assignment.
31
21. The branch of psychology that focuses
on the study of the behavior of nonhuman
animals is called:
•
•
•
•
A) comparative psychology.
B) clinical psychology.
C) biological psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.
32
22. Psychological research with animal
subjects is governed by an ethical code
developed by the:
•
•
•
•
A) ASPCA.
B) APA.
C) AMA.
D) Audubon Society.
36
23. If you wanted to study how tobacco causes
cancer, you should use:
• A) the experimental method with
human subjects.
• B) a survey of cancer patients.
• C) case studies of smokers.
• D) the experimental method with
animal subjects.
31
24: Which of the following is NOT a key provision
in the 2002 APA ethical principles regulating
research with human participants?
• A) Never deceive the subject.
• B) Never disclose personal information
about the subject.
• C) Always obtain informed consent to
participate.
• D) Always debrief the participants after they
have participated.
33
25. Personal stories told to confirm or
support a particular claim are often
misleading and are called:
•
•
•
•
A) illusory correlations.
B) placebo effects.
C) anecdotal evidence.
D) pseudoscience.
30
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 4e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Published by Worth
Publishers, 2007
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
C
B
B
C
D
C
A
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B
D
C
A
C
C
B
D
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
D
A
C
B
A
B
D
A
25. C