TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN CRIME PREVENTION
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON CCTV:
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH REVEAL?
Professor James Byrne
Director, Global Centre for Evidence-based Corrections and Sentencing
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University
Jessica Ritchie, Research Fellow, GCECS
SafeCity Conference, Ipswich, Queensland, 11 June, 2014
(1) High Quality Corrections and Sentencing Research Agenda- the Centre will develop research projects
focusing on evaluating the impact of current corrections and sentencing strategies (adult/juvenile) in Queensland,
throughout Australia, and internationally.
(2) Knowledge Exchange Seminars and Systematic, Evidence -based Policy Reviews -To translate
research into practice, the Centre will develop a series of executive session seminars and workshops highlighting
corrections and sentencing issues in each global region.
(3) Global Evidence-based Corrections and Sentencing Network Development : The Centre—through the
Centre’s state of the art website-- will become a global clearinghouse for high quality, evidence-based corrections
research, and a primary source of information on global corrections performance, and innovative corrections and
sentencing policies and practices .
WEBPAGE: WWW.GCECS.EDU.AU
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
• New Technology of Crime Prevention: CCTV in Global Context
• Impact of New Technology: Global Research Review
• The Future of CCTV: Three Issues To Consider
CCTV APPLICATIONS AROUND THE GLOBE
• CCTV in the United States
• CCTV In UK and Europe
• CCTV in China
• CCTV in Australia
THE NEW TECHNOLOGY OF CRIME
PREVENTION: CCTV APPLICATIONS
• Hard Technology
• Soft Technology
• CCTV & police
• Gunshot location & CCTV
• CCTV & private sector
• Facial recognition & CCTV
• CCTV & public sector
• Flash mobs & CCTV
• CCTV & street lighting
DOES CCTV TECHNOLOGY REDUCE CRIME?
Four Research Issues to consider:
1.
Research on the reliability of the technology?
2.
Training on the use of technology?
3.
Research on the impact of the technology on key outcome measures?
4.
Cost effectiveness of technology acquisition?
EVIDENCE OF IMPACT OF CCTV
TECHNOLOGY ON CRIME
• National Research Council review of police performance (2004) in the United
States revealed that there was no evidence of improved performance linked to
recent police innovations, including CCTV (and other recent innovations).
• Campbell Collaborative Evidence-Based Review of CCTV by Welsh and
Farrington (2008) revealed selected crime prevention effects, which varied within
and across global regions.
• Our review of the recent research underscores the need for quality research that is
high quality and Australia-based.
WELSH, B.C. & FARRINGTON, D.P. (2008). EFFECTS OF
CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION SURVEILLANCE ON
CRIME. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
Location
UK
US
Sweden
Norway
Canada
Total
City and Town Centres
17
3
1
1
-
22
Public Housing
7
2
-
-
-
9
Public Transport
3
-
-
-
1
4
Car Parks
6
-
-
-
-
6
Other Settings
3
-
-
-
-
3
44
CCTV EVALUATIONS OF CITY AND TOWN CENTRES
Brown (1995)
Brown (1995)
Sarno (1996)
Skinns (1998)
Squires (1998)
Armitage (1999)
Ditton (1999)
Sarno (1999)
Sarno (1999)
Sarno (1999)
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
UK
Birmingham
UK
London Borough of Sutton
UK
Doncaster
UK
Ilford
UK
Burnley
UK
Airdrie
UK
London Borough of Southwark
(Elephant and Castle)
UK
Undesirable effect.
Some displacement and diffusion occurred.
Desirable effect.
Displacement occurred.
Undesirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Desirable effect.
Displacement occurred.
Desirable effect.
Diffusion occurred.
Desirable effect.
Diffusion occurred.
Null effect.
Possible evidence of diffusion.
London Borough of Southwark
(Camberwell)
UK
London Borough of Southwark
(East Street)
UK
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Uncertain effect.
No diffusion; possible functional displacement occurred.
CCTV EVALUATIONS OF CITY AND TOWN CENTRES
Mazerolle (2002)
Mazerolle (2002)
Mazerolle (2002)
Blixt (2003)
Sivarajasingam (2003)
Winge (2003)
Gill (2005)
Gill (2005)
Gill (2005)
Gill (2005)
Farrington (2007a)
Griffiths (no date)
Cincinnati (Northside)
US
Cincinnati (Hopkins Park)
US
Cincinnati (Findlay Market)
US
Malmö (Möllevångstorget or Möllevång
Sqaure)
Sweden
Null effect.
Little or no displacement occurred.
Null effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Null effect.
Some displacement occurred.
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Multiple city and town centres
UK
Oslo
Norway
Borough Town
UK
Market Town
UK
Shire Town
UK
South City
UK
Cambridge
UK
Gillingham
UK
Undesirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Undesirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Undesirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Null effect.
No displacement occurred.
Undesirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
CCTV EVALUATIONS OF PUBLIC HOUSING
Musheno (1978)
Bronxdale Houses
New York City US
Uncertain effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Williamson (2000)
Brooklyn
New York US
Null effect.
Displacement and diffusion did not occur.
Hood (2003)
Greater Easterhouse Housing Estate
Glasgow UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Gill (2005)
Deploy Estate
UK
Undesirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Gill (2005)
Dual Estate
UK
Uncertain effect.
No displacement occurred.
Gill (2005)
Southcap Estate
UK
Undesirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Gill (2005)
Eastcap Estate
UK
Uncertain effect.
No displacement occurred.
Gill (2005)
Northern Estate
UK
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Gill (2005)
Westcap Estate
UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
CCTV EVALUATIONS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Burrows (1979)
“Underground” subway London
UK
Desirable effect.
Some displacement occurred.
Webb (1992)
“Underground” subway London
UK
Desirable effect.
Diffusion occurred.
Webb (1992)
Oxford Circus station “Underground”
subway
UK
Undesirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Grandmaison (1997)
“Metro” subway Montreal
Canada
Null effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
CCTV EVALUATIONS OF CAR PARKS
Poyner (1991)
University of Surrey
Guildford UK
Undesirable effect.
Diffusion occurred.
Tilley (1993)
Hartlepool
UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement occurred.
Tilley (1993)
Bradford
UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Tilley (1993)
Coventry
UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Sarno (1996)
London Borough of Sutton
UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
Gill (2005)
Hawkeye
UK
Desirable effect.
Displacement/diffusion not measured.
CCTV EVALUATIONS IN OTHER SETTINGS
Gill (2005)
City Outskirts (residential area)
UK
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Gill (2005)
Borough (residential area)
UK
Undesirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
Gill (2005)
City Hospital
UK
Desirable effect.
No displacement occurred.
CCTV EVALUATIONS OF PUBLIC SPACE
(POST WELSH & FARRINGTON)
Ratcliffe & Taniguchi (2008) Philadelphia PA,
Ratcliffe, Taniguchi, & Taylor US
(2009)
Reduction in crime but there were sites that showed decrease and others with
no impact.
Caplan, Kennedy, &
Petrossian (2011)
Newark, NJ
US
Statistically significant reduction in auto thefts, no significant displacement,
small diffusion of benefits.
Park, Oh, & Paek (2012)
South Korea
Reduction in number of robberies and thefts in areas with CCTV installed, no
displacement effect found.
McLean, Worden, & Kim
(2013)
Schenectady
New York US
Suggested that cameras have had effects on crime, and visibility of cameras
is associated with its impact on crime and disorder.
Cerezo (2013)
Spain
No significant reduction in crime and there was a small increase in crime to
suggest displacement for property crimes (not crimes against the person).
Lim, Kim, Eck, & Kim
(2013)
South Korea
No statistically significant reduction in crime or disorder, but depends on the
location. Results showed diffusion of benefits were higher in serious crimes
than in disorder crimes.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CCTV TECHNOLOGY ON
CRIME AND JUSTICE: THREE CRITICAL ISSUES TO
CONSIDER IN AUSTRALIA
1.
Is CCTV a technology in search of a program?
2.
Why have high quality evaluation of CCTV systems in Australia not been
completed to date?
3.
Does Australia need to conduct its own RCT of the impact of CCTV on crime?
Contact information
Professor James Byrne
James.Byrne@griffith.edu.au
Jessica Ritchie
J.Ritchie@griffith.edu.au