授課老師：任維廉
報告者：蕭宜家
2012/4/18

作者介紹
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 John W. Creswell

Professor of Educational Psychology at University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
 He specializes in qualitative and quantitative research designs and methods, multimethod research.

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1.
The research topic
2.
The literature review
2.1
The use of the literature
2.2
Design Techniques
2.3
The definition of terms
2.4
A quantitative or mixed methods literature review
3.
Summary

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 The topic is the subject or subject matter of proposed study.
 Draft a brief title to the study

Try to complete this sentence, ”My study is about…”
 Creating title
 Be brief and avoid wasting words
 Make sure it includes the topic of the study
 Pose the topic as a brief question

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


Whether the topic can and should be researched ?
Can
 If researcher have participants willing to serve in the study.
 If investigators have resources to collect data and can analyze the information.
Should

Whether anyone outside the researcher’s own immediate institution or area would be interested in
 the topic.
Researcher’s personal goal

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 It shares with the reader the results of other studies.

It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study as well as a benchmark for comparing the results with other findings.
 Should be brief and summarize the major literature on the research problem.

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
Qualitative research


The literature is a manner consistent with the assumption of learning from the participant.
Need to be answered from the researcher’s standpoint.

Quantitative research
 Provides direction for questions or hypotheses.
 Introduce a problem or to describe the existing literature.
 Compare finding.

Mixed methods study

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2.2 Design Techniques-
Step in conducting a literature review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Identify key word.
Search the databases.
Try to find about 50 reports of research or books related to your topic.
Skim and duplicate those that central your topic.
Identify useful literature. (literature map)
Draft summaries of the most relevant articles.
Assemble the literature review

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2.2 Design Techniques-
Search computerized databases
 ERIC

Google scholar
 Commercial database
 ProQuest
 Sociological abstracts
 Social sciences citation index

2.2 Design Techniques-
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A priority for selecting literature material
 Journal article
 Easiest to locate and duplicate

Dissertation
 Quality
 Difficult to read
 Web
 Easy to access
 Quality
 Online journals

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2.2 Design Techniques-
A literature map of the research
 Organize the literature

Build a visual picture of existing research
 Way to organize the literature map
Type Content
Hierarchical
Flowchart
Top-down
Left to right
Series of circles Circle represents literature
The intersection of the circles

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2.2 Design Techniques-
A literature map of the research

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2.2 Design Techniques-
 Mention the problem being addressed.
 State the central purpose or focus of the study.
 Briefly state information.
 Review key results that relate to the proposed study.

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2.2 Design Techniques-
 Provide guidelines for creating a scholarly style of a manuscript.

In-text references
 End-of-text references
 Headings
 Footnotes

Tables and figures

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
If there is any likelihood that readers don’t know the meaning.
 When it first appears in the proposal.

Do not define the terms in everyday language.
 Qualitative studies
 Do not include the separate section
 Quantitative studies
 In the separate section
 Mixed methods studies

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 The literature be composed of 5 components
 Introduction
 independent variable
 dependent variable
 relates the independent variable to the depend variable
 summary

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1.
Identify your topic
2.
Qualitative research
 Literature helps substantiate the problem.
 At the end of study.
3.
Quantitative research
 Literature helps substantiate the problem.
 Not only helps substantiate the problem, but also suggests possible questions that needs to be addressed.
 Separate section
4.
Mixed methods research

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5.
Steps in conducting a literature review
6.
Define the key terms

Q&A