Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/30210 holds

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Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/30210 holds various files of this Leiden University
dissertation
Author: Clementel, Nicola
Title: Casting light on the ƞ Carinae puzzle
Issue Date: 2014-12-18
Casting light on
the η Carinae puzzle
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof.mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op donderdag 18 december 2014
klokke 12.30 uur
door
Nicola Clementel
geboren te Iringa, Tanzania
in 1984
Promotiecommissie
Promotor:
Co-Promotor:
Prof. dr. V. Icke
dr. T. I. Madura
Referent:
Prof. dr. B. Balick
University of Washington
Overige leden:
Prof. dr. C. Aerts
Prof. dr. L. Kaper
Prof. dr. S. F. Portegies Zwart
Prof. dr. H. J. A. Röttgering
University of Leuven
University of Amsterdam
Cover and graphic design by Andrea Niccolai
Alla mia famiglia
The greater is the circle of light,
the greater is the boundary of the darkness
by which it is confined.
( Joseph Priestley 1781)
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1
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2 3D radiative transfer in η Carinae
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Codes and Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 The 3D SPH Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 The SimpleX algorithm for RT on an unstructured mesh
2.2.2.1 Grid Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.2 Ionization State and Chemistry of the Gas . . .
2.2.3 Application of SimpleX to η Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3.1 Influence of the Primary Star ηA . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3.2 The Ionizing Source ηB . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 The Importance of Collisional Ionization . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Overall ionization structure and influence of M˙ ηA . . . . .
2.3.2.1 The orbital plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2.2 The xz and yz planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
Introduction
1.1 Massive stars . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Binarity . . . . .
1.1.2 Colliding winds .
1.2 Eta Carinae . . . . . . . .
1.3 Tools . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Hydrodynamics .
1.3.2 Radiative transfer
1.3.3 3D printing . . .
1.4 This thesis . . . . . . . .
1.5 Future . . . . . . . . . .
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3 η Carinae He ionization structure at apastron
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 The 3D SPH simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 The SimpleX algorithm for RT on an unstructured mesh
3.2.2.1 Grid construction and density distribution . . .
3.2.2.2 Ionization state and chemistry of the gas . . . .
3.2.2.3 Ionizing spectrum and transport method . . . .
3.2.2.4 The ionizing source ηB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2.5 Visualization of the unstructured mesh results .
3.2.3 Application to η Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3.1 Influence of ηA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Overall He Ionization Structure and Influence of M˙ ηA . .
3.3.1.1 The orbital plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1.2 The xz plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 η Carinae He ionization structure at periastron
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Initial ionization state of the gas . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 Overall He ionization structure and influence of M˙ ηA
4.3.1.1 The orbital plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1.2 The xz and yz planes . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5 3D printing of η Carinae's colliding winds
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 The 3D SPH simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Grid construction and density distribution . . . . .
5.2.3 Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Generation of 3D interactive figures . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 Generation of 3D print files and printing the results
5.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 The 3D visualizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 3D printing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5.5 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Bibliography
113
Samenvatting
117
Riepilogo
123
List of publications
129
Curriculum Vitae
131
Acknowledgements
133
iii
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