Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) Chapter 6: Memory I used to know. It’s there, I just can’t find it. What is Memory? Oops! Brain and Memory What is Memory? 500 400 300 200 100 It’s there, I just can’t find it. 500 400 300 200 100 I used to know. 500 400 300 200 100 Oops! 500 400 300 200 100 Brain and Memory 500 400 300 200 100 1. The process of making information meaningful so that we may store it in memory is called ____. • • • • A) construction B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval 2. Brief, visual sensory memory that is like a snapshot is called: • • • • A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) short-term memory. D) immediate memory. 3. When you solve a math problem in your head, you have to hold the information there while you do it. You are using your ___ memory. • • • • A) rehearsal B) working C) conscious D) arithmetic 4. ____ is an effective encoding strategy in which you focus on the meaning of information to help transfer it to long-term memory. • • • • A) Repetition B) Elaborative rehearsal C) Auditory processing D) Working memory 5. When we remember how to do something but cannot consciously explain it or even recall how we do it, ___ is involved. • • • • A) implicit memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) explicit memory 6. “He was in that movie, you know, the guy? I think his name started with a C?” This person is experiencing the memory problem of: • • • • A) semantic blocking. B) working retrieval. C) tip-of-the-tongue experience. D) encoding failure. 7. Essay tests measure ___ and multiple-choice tests measure ___. • A) long-term memory; shortterm memory • B) semantic memory; visual memory • C) retrieval; clustering • D) recall; recognition 8. If you are trying to recall a long list of items, the serial position effect says you are most likely to: • A) forget any items more than seven. • B) remember items which are more meaningful. • C) remember items in the beginning of the list. • D) forget more items in the middle of the list. 9. The difference between everyday memories and flashbulb memories is that flashbulb memories: • A) are much more highly accurate. • B) don’t change over time. • C) are perceived as being more vivid and accurate. • D) all of the above. 10. Karen found that when she paid attention in class, what she learned there was more easily recalled when she took an exam in the same room. This is an example of ____. • • • • A) context effect B) mood congruence C) flashbulb memory D) chunking 11. Absentmindedness is a failure in ___. • • • • A) memory storage. B) encoding. C) retrieval. D) prospective memory. 12. When a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory, this is called: • • • • A) encoding failure. B) suppression. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference. 13. There are some things we want to forget. ___ is unconscious and ___ is when we make a conscious effort to forget. • A) Retroactive interference; proactive interference • B) Suppression; repression • C) Repression; suppression • D) Proactive interference; retroactive interference 14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of forgetting: • A) occurs soon after learning. • B) continues to steadily occur over time. • C) occurs in the middle of a list. • D) occurs more rapidly in old age. 15. While considered a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, ____ is an extremely controversial topic among psychologists. • • • • A) decay theory B) déjà vu C) repression D) suppression 16. When someone has experienced an event and is then faced with suggestive questions or wrong data, memory can be distorted due to the: • A) power of suggestion. • B) misinformation effect. • C) authority figure presenting the information. • D) suggestibility of the subject. 17. Source confusion can contribute to false memory if the person remembering: • A) is doubtful of events. • B) has a bad memory to begin with. • C) receives false details after an event. • D) is easily manipulated by others. 18. Vividly imagining an event markedly increases one’s confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood. This effect is called: • • • • A) source confusion. B) sensation distortion. C) confidence overstatement. D) imagination inflation. 19. False memories may be the result of a ____, which is how we expect a typical sequence of events to occur. • • • • A) memory trace B) source confusion C) schema D) script 20. Detective Brennan has an eyewitness to a murder. He wants to help the witness remember details by using guided imagery. The detective should know: • A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. • B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. • C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. • D) all of the above. 21. The process of permanently “setting” a new memory is called: • • • • A) memory consolidation. B) memory trace. C) long term potentiation. D) recovered memories. 22. H.M. had his hippocampus surgically removed. As a result, he suffered from ___, an inability to___. • A) retrograde amnesia; remember old memories • B) anterograde amnesia; form new memories • C) retrograde consolidation; control epileptic seizures • D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform simple math functions 23. Damage to this area of a monkey’s brain may eliminate its fear of predators. • • • • A) medial temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) amygdala D) hippocampus 24: The most common cause of dementia is: • • • • A) Parkinson’s disease. B) anterograde amnesia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) automobile accidents. 25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. could solve a logical puzzle that he previously worked on more quickly, but he did not recall having seen it before. This illustrates that the surgery had the most impact on his: • • • • A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) anterograde amnesia. D) cerebellum. Stop here, or continue as a review 1. Making information meaningful so that we may store it in memory is called ____. • • • • A) construction B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval 218 2. Brief, visual sensory memory that is like a snapshot is called: • • • • A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) short-term memory. D) immediate memory. 221 3. When you solve a math problem in your head, you have to hold the information there while you do it. You are using your ___ memory. • • • • A) rehearsal B) working C) conscious D) arithmetic 221 4. ____ is an effective encoding strategy in which you focus on the meaning of information to help transfer it to long-term memory. • • • • A) Repetition B) Elaborative rehearsal C) Auditory processing D) Working memory 224 5. When we remember how to do something but cannot consciously explain it or even recall how we do it, ___ is involved. • • • • A) implicit memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) explicit memory 226 6. “He was in that movie, you know, the guy? I think his name started with a C?” This person is experiencing the memory problem of: • • • • A) semantic blocking. B) working retrieval. C) tip-of-the-tongue experience. D) encoding failure. 230 7. Essay tests measure ___ and multiple-choice tests measure ___. • A) long-term memory; shortterm memory • B) semantic memory; visual memory • C) retrieval; clustering • D) recall; recognition 230 8. If you are trying to recall a long list of items, the serial position effect says you are most likely to: • A) forget any items more than seven. • B) remember items which are more meaningful. • C) remember items in the beginning of the list. • D) forget more items in the middle of the list. 231 9. The difference between everyday memories and flashbulb memories is that flashbulb memories: • A) are much more highly accurate. • B) don’t change over time. • C) are perceived as being more vivid and accurate. • D) all of the above. 233 10. Karen found that when she paid attention in class, what she learned there was more easily recalled when she took an exam in the same room. This is an example of ____. • • • • A) context effect B) mood congruence C) flashbulb memory D) chunking 232 11. Absentmindedness is a failure in ___. • • • • A) memory storage. B) encoding. C) retrieval. D) prospective memory. 235 12. When a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory, this is called: • • • • A) encoding failure. B) suppression. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference. 237 13. There are some things we want to forget. ___ is unconscious and ___ is when we make a conscious effort to forget. • A) Retroactive interference; proactive interference • B) Suppression; repression • C) Repression; suppression • D) Proactive interference; retroactive interference 236 14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of forgetting: • A) occurs soon after learning. • B) continues to steadily occur over time. • C) occurs in the middle of a list. • D) occurs more rapidly in old age. 234 15. While considered a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, ____ is an extremely controversial topic among psychologists. • • • • A) decay theory B) déjà vu C) repression D) suppression 238 16. When someone has experienced an event and is then faced with suggestive questions or wrong data, memory can be distorted due to the: • A) power of suggestion. • B) misinformation effect. • C) authority figure presenting the information. • D) suggestibility of the subject. 239 17. Source confusion can contribute to false memory if the person remembering: • A) is doubtful of events. • B) has a bad memory to begin with. • C) receives false details after an event. • D) is easily manipulated by others. 240 18. Vividly imagining an event markedly increases one’s confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood. This effect called: • • • • A) source confusion. B) sensation distortion. C) confidence overstatement. D) imagination inflation. 242 19. False memories may be the result of a ____, which is how we expect a typical sequence of events to occur. • • • • A) memory trace. B) source confusion. C) schema. D) script. 240 20. Detective Brennan has an eyewitness to a murder. He wants to help the witness remember details by using guided imagery. The detective should know: • A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. • B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. • C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. • D) all of the above. 243 21. The process of “setting” a new memory permanently in the brain is called: • • • • A) memory consolidation. B) memory trace. C) long-term potentiation. D) recovered memories. 248 22. H.M. had his hippocampus surgically removed. As a result, he suffered from ___, an inability to___. • A) retrograde amnesia; remember old memories • B) anterograde amnesia; form new memories • C) retrograde consolidation; control epileptic seizures • D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform simple math functions 249 23. Damage to this area of a monkey’s brain may eliminate its fear of predators. • • • • A) medial temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) amygdala D) hippocampus 250 24: The most common cause of dementia is: • • • • A) Parkinson’s disease. B) anterograde amnesia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) automobile accidents. 251 25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. could solve a logical puzzle that he previously worked on more quickly, but he did not recall having seen it before. This illustrates that the surgery had the most impact on his: • • • • A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) anterograde amnesia. D) cerebellum. 250 Acknowledgments • Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. • Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury • Worth Publishers, 2007 Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. C A B B A C D C 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. C A B D C A C B 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. C D D B A B C C 25. B