The Elements of
Design
Chapter 16
Space
The 3-D expanse that a designer is
working with, as well as the area around
or between objects within that expanse
Designers must consider the size of the
overall design space and the
arrangement of objects within that
space
Size of Space
Large, open spaces can
give a feeling of
freedom
Large spaces with high
ceilings and elaborate
designs can convey a
feeling of luxury
Too much empty space
can make a person feel
lonely and
uncomfortable
Small spaces can
make people feel
confined or crowded
Well designed small
spaces can make
people feel snug &
secure; gives a
sense of privacy &
intimacy
Use of Space Examples
Arrangement of Space
You have 2 choices with space: fill it or leave it empty
When space is limited, limit the number of furnishings
to keep as much space open as possible
 Select furniture that can serve more than one
purpose
 Select plain furniture
When space is very large, you can physically divide it
with permanent or temporary room dividers

Arrange furniture in small clusters, use folding screens
Line
Delineates space, outlines form, and conveys a
sense of movement or direction



Delineates space when lines intersect to create 2-D
planes (marking edges of a wall)
Outlines form with the outer edges of an object
Conveys movement and direction by the outlines of
objects, by lines formed by groups of objects, and lines
that make up fabric and wallpaper patterns
Lines are either straight or curved and placed in a
direction
Creating Effects with Line
Separate or unify space
The illusion of increased height
The illusion of width
Conveying feelings with Line
Horizontal lines suggest rest
Vertical lines suggest action
Diagonal or zigzag lines convey excitement and
movement
Circles, curves, and ovals are usually perceived as
more natural and free than straight lines
Too many lines can lead to continuous eye
movement, which causes feelings of tiredness &
frustration
Visual Effects Using Line
Use of line in Design
Form
The shape and structure of solid objects
Large, heavy objects give a feeling of stability, as
does long, low tables
When the bottom of an object is too small in
proportion to the top, it gives the appearance of
instability
Harmonious design – a design in which every item
fits well with the others; it is important that forms of
furniture harmonize with each other
Form in design
Texture
The appearance or feel of a surface
Plush carpet & furniture provide a sense of comfort
Nubby, rough materials convey ruggedness &
stability
Velvets & brocades suggest luxury
Glass, metal & stone give a feeling of coolness
Texture can add variety & interest to a room
Texture affects the way light reflects off of objects and
therefore affects the perceived color of an object
Texture examples
Texture & Variety