(A) Top view of a paper
Miura-ori pattern
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(B) Hornbeam
leaves in the
process of leafing
show a natural
occurrence of
Miura-ori. A single
row of kinks along
the midrib allows a
folded leaf to be
deployed once the
bud opens
(C)Zigzag Miura-ori patterns in a thin
film that is compressed biaxially as it dries.
Mahadevan and Rica. 2004. Self-Organized Origami. Science 307: 1740
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Beech at different stages of development. (Kobayashi et al. 1998.
The geometry of unfolding tree leaves. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 147-154.)
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Hornbeam at different stages of development. Kobayashi et al. 1998.
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You can make your own folded leaf. (Kobayashi et al. 1998)
Are there other patterns of folding? Does the packaging of
young leaves relate to phylogeny?
Textbook
Version of the
4 Main
Groups
These 3
groups are
unresolved
4 Main Angiosperm
Groups Shown on
Qiu’s Tree
4. Eudicots- the
largest group
2. Magnoliids
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms
Qui et al.
1999
4. Eudicots- the
largest group
Laurales
2. Magnoliids Magnoliales
Piperales
Canellales
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms
Magnoliales(4 families)
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia
grandiflora
Note many
flower parts
on an
enlarged
receptacle,
leaf-like
stamens.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu
/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Magnolia
grandiflora
Young fruits
(follicles)
developing.
Stigmas are
turning brown,
anthers are
drying up.
Petals have
been removed.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/fa
culty/carr/magnoli.htm
Follicles have
dehisced
releasing a
bright red seed
suspended on a
slender thread.
http://www.botany.
hawaii.edu/faculty/
carr/magnoli.htm
Magnoliales
Magnoliaceae
Liriodendron
Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip Tree, Magnoliaceae- note tulipshaped leaf, radial symmetry, woody, many flower parts.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Cross section:
Note expanded
receptacle, many
stamens and
carpels, leaf-like
stamens, radial
symmetry.
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/f
aculty/carr/magnoli.htm
Liriodendron tulipifera. Carpels
separate at maturity producing
samaras. (www.csdl.tamu.edu)
Laurales (5 families)
Lauraceae
Sassafras albidum
Sassafras albidum, Sassafras,
Lauraceae
Note: male and female flowers
(dioecious), 3 leaf shapes, woody.
Sassafras albidum, Sassafras, Lauraceae, Fruit = drupe with a bright red
expanded cup-like receptacle.
Persea americana, Avocado, fruits (drupe)
Piperales (5 families)
Piperaceae
Piper spp.
Piperaceae
Inflorescence a
spike densely
covered with
minute flowers
Each flower with
a peltate bract.
Leaves alternate,
pinnate to palmate
venation.
Nodes
Swollen and
Jointed
Piperaceae
Piper nigrum
Black Pepper
Note:
Infructescence
Jointed stems
Palmate-like
venation
Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Piperaceae
The joints on the stems are very clear in the first view.
The riper red drupes are clear in the second view.
Peppers
Oxidized or
fermented peppers
Green
Black
White
Early
harvest,
quick drying
to prevent
fermentation
Color of unripe
drupes
Outer layer removed
by soaking the pepper
for 1-week in running
water. This reveals
the white “pit”.
Color of ripe
drupes
Pickled Green
Pickled Red
Note Pink Peppercorns, (different from the red peppercorns above), are not from Piper sp. at
all-- but rather the berries from Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae).
Inflorescence of Piper, Pepper, Piperaceae
Typical flowers of the
Piperaceae
Note: No sepals and petals
Flower subtended by a
peltate (mushroom
shaped) bract.
2 anthers in this species
stigma
More examples of inflorescences of Piperaceaeidentify the flower parts.
The rhizomes of
Piper methysticum
are used to prepare
Kava-- a drink used
to “facilitate social
interaction!”
4. Eudicots- the
largest group
Laurales
2. Magnoliids Magnoliales
Piperales
Canellales
3. Monocots
1. Basal Angiosperms